The Source Wholesale Colour Changing Clam Light

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We thank Prof. Zhiping Lai for his help with experimental materials and the “Imaging and Characterization Core Lab” of KAUST for support with the SEM and TEM imaging. Supplementary Material Guarini J-M, Coston-Guarini J, Comeau LA. Calibrating Hall-Effect valvometers accounting for electromagnetic properties of the sensor and dynamic geometry of the bivalves shell. bioRxiv. 2020; 2020.12.20.423648. Guterres B de V, Guerreiro A da SC., Botelho SS da, Sandrini JZ. Perna perna Mussels Network as Pollution Biosensors of Oil Spills and Derivatives. IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2020;53: 16727–16732. We further evaluated the imaging speed of CLAM by imaging flowing fluorescent beads supplied by a microfluidic pump (Harvard, Phd 2000) into a fluidic channel (square glass pipette with an inner side length of 1 mm). In this proof-of-principle demonstration, we configured the CLAM system with a total of N = 24 light sheets within the frequency range of 1.1–1.4 kHz. This system is able to visualize the flowing microspheres (flow rate of ~20 µm/s) at a volumetric rate f vol of up to 13 vol/s (Fig. 3f). We note that the practical volume rate in the current setup can further be enhanced depending on the number of light sheets ( N) required for the experiments. For instance, the volume rate can be increased to ~25 vol/s with our current camera when the imaging FOV along the axial direction is reduced by half (i.e., N = 12). Furthermore, as the volume rate achievable in CLAM is only limited by the camera speed (currently limited at ~1000–3000 fps in our system), we anticipate that the volume rate can readily be scaled beyond 100 vol/s with a state-of-the-art high-speed intensified camera (>10,000 fps) 34. Temperatures were maintained at a consistent 25°C, with diurnal variations of less than 0.25°C, while pH values ranged from 8.1–8.25 pH units, also following a diurnal pattern controlled by light-mediated photosynthetic activity in the tank. Similarly, DO varied between 6.89 and 9.94 mg/L, also following a diurnal pattern with peaks during the daytime hours. Chlorophyll-a and phycoerythrin values showed high variability, with extreme peaks in July and August approaching the detection limit of the instruments and corresponding to visible increases in water turbidity.

In August 2018, two specimens (one brown and one blue color variant) of the giant clam T. maxima, both with a size of about 17 cm, were collected in a water depth of about 3 m at Abu Shosha reef in the Central Red Sea (22.303833 N, 39.048278 E). Tissue Characterization Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy The fill light should also have a modifier to soften the light. Ideally, this is the same type of modifier until you’re confident enough in the clamshell lighting technique to vary the modifiers.Quantum ⁢ Yield = Integrated ⁢ photoluminescence ⁢ intensity Integrated ⁢ excitation ⁢ source ⁢ intensity Note that both the key light and the second ( fill) light should now both be in front of you, the photographer–and your aim is generally to shoot the model from head-on, with a lens that pokes out from between the two light sources. Of course, you can ask the model to turn their head and strike different poses, but be careful to maintain the same shadow presence that you see from very straight clamshell lighting.

We have demonstrated a new volumetric imaging platform, CLAM, that exploits a complete parallelized 3D multiplexed LSFM strategy. In contrast to the existing LSFM modalities, the defining feature of CLAM is its generation of a dense light-sheet array (>30), which is reconfigurable in both temporal coherency and spatial density. Furthermore, the 3D imaging throughput and efficiency can be maximized (spatial duty cycle of 100%) by multiplexed light-sheet coding (i.e., OFDM). The combination of these two features enables the simultaneous capture of all-optically sectioned image planes in a continuous volume at >10 vol/s, obviating the need for bulky objective scanning or beam scanning/dithering. CLAM does not have a fundamental limitation in scaling to a higher volume rate as sCMOS technology continually advances (e.g., >10,000 fps in a state-of-the-art sCMOS camera) 34. More importantly, CLAM simultaneously reads out all of the voxels in three dimensions and thus allows a longer integration (exposure) time and potentially better SNR, especially for sparse samples. CLAM thus reduces the illumination power and outperforms other LSFM modalities in reducing the photobleaching/phototoxicity. CLAM only replaces the beam scanning module by the mirror pair (for parallelized illumination) and the spinning reticle (for parallelized encoding). Hence, CLAM can readily be compatible with any existing LSFM modalities with minimal hardware modification or dedicated synchronization. In this regard, CLAM could easily be further advanced to tailor specific applications. For instance, parallelized discrete light-sheet array illumination also provides another degree of freedom to arbitrarily select subsets of light sheets. This could be of particular interest in sparse sampling of neuronal activity recording in brain imaging applications 1, 2. Simultaneous multi-view CLAM can also be implemented by illumination with the light-sheet array from multiple directions—an effective strategy that has been proven to improve the image quality in the presence of light scattering and resolution isotropy 41. CLAM should also be compatible with the available wavefront coding/shaping techniques used for increasing the FOV in both the axial and lateral dimensions 4, 42. Notably, CLAM, when combined with additional spatial light modulation and/or a beam scanning module, can be adopted to create a more sophisticated structured illumination, such as a lattice light sheet 12, 43, 44. CLAM can also be combined with an adaptive optics module to overcome image distortion and aberration in deep tissue in vivo 11, 45, which could impact applications in neurobiology. If the light doesn’t seem to be bringing out the cheekbones, try making the key light taller. Conclusion

References

Tran D, Ciret P, Ciutat A, Durrieu G, Massabuau J. Estimation of potential and limits of bivalve closure response to detect contaminants: application to cadmium. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal. 2003;22: 914–920.