White Mars: Or, the Mind Set Free : A 21St-Century Utopia

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Sagan, Carl; Fox, Paul (August 1975). "The canals of Mars: An assessment after Mariner 9". Icarus. 25 (4): 602–612. Bibcode: 1975Icar...25..602S. doi: 10.1016/0019-1035(75)90042-1. Lin, An (4 June 2012). "Structural analysis of the Valles Marineris fault zone: Possible evidence for large-scale strike-slip faulting on Mars". Lithosphere. 4 (4): 286–330. Bibcode: 2012Lsphe...4..286Y. doi: 10.1130/L192.1. a b Sharp, Tim; Gordon, Jonathan; Tillman, Nola (31 January 2022). "What is the Temperature of Mars?". Space.com . Retrieved 14 March 2022.

Mars family - Wikipedia Mars family - Wikipedia

The environmental conditions on Mars are a challenge to sustaining organic life: the planet has little heat transfer across its surface, it has poor insulation against bombardment by the solar wind due to the absence of a magnetosphere and has insufficient atmospheric pressure to retain water in a liquid form (water instead sublimes to a gaseous state). Mars is nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet. [250] Scoop of Mars soil by Curiosity, October 2012 Spending Millions to Save Billions: The Campaign of the Super Wealthy to Kill the Estate Tax" (PDF). Public Citizen. April 2006. Taylor, Chris (9 July 2020). "Welcome to Cloud City: The case for going to Venus, not Mars". Mashable . Retrieved 21 October 2022. Zharkov, V. N. (1993). "The role of Jupiter in the formation of planets". Evolution of the Earth and Planets. Washington DC American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series. Vol.74. pp.7–17. Bibcode: 1993GMS....74....7Z. doi: 10.1029/GM074p0007. ISBN 978-1-118-66669-2. a b "HORIZONS Batch call for 2022 perihelion" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). Solar System Dynamics Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 7 September 2021.Mars lost its magnetosphere 4billion years ago, [105] possibly because of numerous asteroid strikes, [106] so the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere, lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. [107] Both Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express have detected ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars, [105] [108] and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the MAVEN orbiter. Compared to Earth, the atmosphere of Mars is quite rarefied. Atmospheric pressure on the surface today ranges from a low of 30 Pa (0.0044 psi) on Olympus Mons to over 1,155Pa (0.1675psi) in Hellas Planitia, with a mean pressure at the surface level of 600Pa (0.087psi). [109] The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found 35 kilometres (22mi) [110] above Earth's surface. The resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6% of Earth's 101.3kPa (14.69psi). The scale height of the atmosphere is about 10.8 kilometres (6.7mi), [111] which is higher than Earth's 6 kilometres (3.7mi), because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38% of Earth's. [112] a b Jakosky, Bruce M. (1 April 2022). "How did Mars lose its atmosphere and water?". Physics Today. 75 (4): 62–63. Bibcode: 2022PhT....75d..62J. doi: 10.1063/PT.3.4988. ISSN 0031-9228. S2CID 247882540. Grossman, Lisa (20 January 2011). "Multiple Asteroid Strikes May Have Killed Mars's Magnetic Field". Wired . Retrieved 30 March 2022.

Valerie Mars - Wikipedia Valerie Mars - Wikipedia

Although better remembered for mapping the Moon, Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer were the first areographers. They began by establishing that most of Mars's surface features were permanent and by more precisely determining the planet's rotation period. In 1840, Mädler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars. [69] Yeager, Ashley (19 July 2008). "Impact May Have Transformed Mars". ScienceNews.org. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2008.The World's Billionaires (2010): No.52 Jacqueline Mars". Forbes. March 3, 2010 . Retrieved February 24, 2011.

White Mars: Or, the Mind Set Free : A 21St-Century Utopia

Geologically, Mars is fairly active, with dust devils sweeping across the landscape and marsquakes (Martian analog to earthquakes) trembling underneath the ground. The surface of Mars hosts a large shield volcano ( Olympus Mons) and one of the largest canyons in the Solar System ( Valles Marineris). Mars's significant orbital eccentricity and axial tilt cause large seasonal changes to the polar ice caps' coverage and temperature swings between −110°C (−166°F) to 35°C (95°F) on the surface. A Martian solar day ( sol) is equal to 24.5 hours and a Martian solar year is equal to 1.88 Earth years. Zeitler, W.; Ohlhof, T.; Ebner, H. (2000). "Recomputation of the global Mars control-point network". Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing. 66 (2): 155–161. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.372.5691.Souami, D.; Souchay, J. (July 2012). "The solar system's invariable plane". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 543: 11. Bibcode: 2012A&A...543A.133S. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219011. A133.