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ECMA standard for Data Interchange on Punched Tape". European Computer Manufacturers Association. November 1965. ECMA-10. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27 . Retrieved 2003-07-10. Suitable for high volume printing, faxing and copying, the 500 sheets of A4 business paper give exceptional reliability when used in high-speed laser and colour inkjet printers as well as copier machines. The paper tapes could be toughened to a degree, but that led to a dilemma. The tougher you make the paper the more you reduce its flexibility. Some paper tapes I’ve seen employed quite a heavyweight paper with a waxy finish in an effort to make them more robust and at least a little waterproof. Some of the more expensive paper tapes were actually a sandwich of paper, a stretched polyester film, and paper. Where Did Punched Paper Tapes Come From? The Hollerith punched cards used for the 1890 U.S. census were blank. [35] Following that, cards commonly had printing such that the row and column position of a hole could be easily seen. Printing could include having fields named and marked by vertical lines, logos, and more. [36] "General purpose" layouts (see, for example, the IBM 5081 below) were also available. For applications requiring master cards to be separated from following detail cards, the respective cards had different upper corner diagonal cuts and thus could be separated by a sorter. [37] Other cards typically had one upper corner diagonal cut so that cards not oriented correctly, or cards with different corner cuts, could be identified.
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Williams, Robert V. (2002). "Punched Cards: A Brief Tutorial". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing: Web Extra. IEEE. 24 (2). Archived from the original on 2018-06-13 . Retrieved 2015-03-26. Punched paper tape was used as a computer storage media from the 1950s onward, probably hitting its heyday in the first half of the 1970s. It used long reels of paper tape that had holes punched in them, typically with five or eight holes across the width of the strip. They were about one inch wide (25mm). Each line of holes represented a character or operational code (op-code) in some form of encoding, usually in binary. When the tape was fed through a reader the information on the tape was interpreted by the computer and reassembled into the program or data.
For heavy-duty or repetitive use, polyester Mylar tape was often used. This tough, durable plastic film was usually thinner than paper tapes, but could still be used in many devices originally designed for paper media. The plastic tape was sometimes transparent, but usually was aluminized to make it opaque enough for use in high-speed optical readers. Data was represented by the presence or absence of a hole at a particular location. Tapes originally had five rows of holes for data across the width of the tape. Later tapes had more rows. A 1944 electro-mechanical programmable calculating machine, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator or Harvard Mark I, used paper tape with 24 rows. [4] Australia's 1951 electronic computer, CSIRAC, used 3-inch (76mm) wide paper tape with twelve rows. [5] IBM 24 Card Punch, IBM 26 Printing Card Punch Reference Manual (PDF). October 1965. p.26. A24-0520-3. The variable-length card feed feature on the 24 or 26 allows the processing of 51-, 60-, 66-, and 80-column cards (Figure 20)
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Mark sense ( electrographic) cards, developed by Reynold B. Johnson at IBM, [70] have printed ovals that could be marked with a special electrographic pencil. Cards would typically be punched with some initial information, such as the name and location of an inventory item. Information to be added, such as quantity of the item on hand, would be marked in the ovals. Card punches with an option to detect mark sense cards could then punch the corresponding information into the card. When buying paper for your home or office, you need to consider size (A3, A4, etc.), paper weight (gsm which stands for 'grams per square metre'), colour and your printer (inkjet, laser). If you are aiming for performance oriented animation, or more sophisticated feature film animation in the Disney tradition, you will need the canvas size that 16 field offers you. This will become obvious to you as you progress. When starting out with basic exercises, 12 field is enough. However as you progress, you may feel restricted and that you need more space to draw. 12 field will eventually become quite limited, especially when handling acting, lip sync, and complex performance.
How to Succeed At Cards (Film). IBM. 1963. (NB. An account of how IBM Cards are manufactured, with special emphasis on quality control.) Photo of Gamble Hall by gatty790". Panoramio.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-15 . Retrieved 2013-10-05. a b Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census 1890–1940. US GPO. p.43. Includes extensive, detailed, description of Hollerith's first machines and their use for the 1890 census. ANSI INCITS 21-1967 (R2002), Rectangular Holes in Twelve-Row Punched Cards (formerly ANSI X3.21-1967 (R1997)) Specifies the size and location of rectangular holes in twelve-row 3 + 1⁄ 4-inch-wide (83mm) punched cards.
Xerox Business White A4 80gsm 4-Hole Punched Paper (Pack of
Southgate, Thomas Lea (1881). "On Various Attempts That Have Been Made to Record Extemporaneous Playing". Journal of the Royal Musical Association. 8 (1): 189–196. doi: 10.1093/jrma/8.1.189. This card provided for fields to record multi-digit numbers that tabulators could sum, instead of their simply counting cards. Hollerith's 45 column punched cards are illustrated in Comrie's The application of the Hollerith Tabulating Machine to Brown's Tables of the Moon. [44] IBM 80-column format and character codes [ edit ] Punched card from a Fortran program: Z(1) = Y + W(1), plus sorting information in the last 8 columns. When the first minicomputers were being released, most manufacturers turned to the existing mass-produced ASCII teleprinters (primarily the Teletype Model 33, capable of ten ASCII characters per second throughput) as a low-cost solution for keyboard input and printer output. The commonly specified Model 33 ASR included a paper tape punch/reader, where ASR stands for "Automatic Send/Receive" as opposed to the punchless/readerless KSR – Keyboard Send/Receive and RO – Receive Only models. As a side effect, punched tape became a popular medium for low-cost minicomputer data and program storage, and it was common to find a selection of tapes containing useful programs in most minicomputer installations. Faster optical readers were also common. Most tape-punching equipment used solid circular punches to create holes in the tape. This process created " chad", or small circular pieces of paper. Managing the disposal of chad was an annoying and complex problem, as the tiny paper pieces had a tendency to escape containment and to interfere with the other electromechanical parts of the teleprinter equipment. Chad from oiled paper tape was particularly problematic, as it tended to clump and build up, rather than flowing freely into a collection container.Rader, Ron (1981-10-26). "Big Screen, 132-Column Units Setting Trend". Computerworld. Special Report p. 41 . Retrieved 2023-01-16. Paper tape could be read into computers at up to 1,000 characters per second. [8] In 1963, a Danish company called Regnecentralen introduced a paper tape reader called RC2000 that could read 2,000 characters per second; later they increased the speed further, up to 2,500cps. As early as World War II, the Heath Robinson tape reader, used by Allied codebreakers, was capable of 2,000cps while Colossus could run at 5,000cps using an optical tape reader designed by Arnold Lynch. In the 1970s through the early 1980s, paper tape was commonly used to transfer binary data for incorporation in either mask-programmable read-only memory (ROM) chips or their erasable counterparts EPROMs. A significant variety of encoding formats were developed for use in computer and ROM/EPROM data transfer. [9] Encoding formats commonly used were primarily driven by those formats that EPROM programming devices supported and included various ASCII hex variants as well as a number of proprietary formats.
A5 Hole Punched Paper - Etsy UK
The paper itself is high quality so my fountain pen ink won’t bleed through. Ellie was also able to make up the narrow line width I needed too. This White Xerox A4 Business Paper is ideally suited for daily high volume office use including printing, copying, internal memos and draft printing. This smooth texture white paper ensures optimum performance in high volume print runs for everyday office and home printing jobs.Later designs led to a card with ten rows, each row assigned a digit value, 0 through 9, and 45 columns. [43] Suppliers often offer a cheaper economy option as well. This paper is much more affordable but tears easily. It is similar to printer paper, however I believe it is even thinner, to offer some translucency. It is without the reinforced quality that professional paper provides. This is fine for when you are testing the waters in animation, but it will not be ideal for when you get into more sophisticated work as it gets damaged easily with flipping and erasing.
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