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The Italian NATO stay-behind organization, dubbed "Gladio", was set up under Minister of Defense (from 1953 to 1958) Paolo Taviani's ( DC) supervision. [20] Gladio's existence came to public knowledge when Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti revealed it to the Chamber of Deputies on 24 October 1990, although far-right terrorist Vincenzo Vinciguerra had already revealed its existence during his 1984 trial. According to media analyst Edward S. Herman, "both the President of Italy, Francesco Cossiga, and Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, had been involved in the Gladio organization and coverup..." [21] [22] [23] [ verification needed] Civilians recruited as stay-behind partisans were equipped with a clandestine shortwave radio homed in on a fixed frequency. It had a keyboard with digital encryption, making use of traditional Morse code obsolete. They had a cache of further equipment for signalling helicopters or submarines to drop special agents who were to stay in the partisan's homes while mounting sabotage operations against the communists. S.T.C/Mob. [9] ( Dutch: Sectie training, communicatie en documentatie "Training, Communication and Documentation Service"), residing under the Staatsveiligheid and thus the minister of Justice. André Moyen, former Belgian secret agent, also declared that Gladio had operated in Spain. [77] He said that Gladio had bases in Madrid, Barcelona, San Sebastián, and the Canary islands. After the existence of the Belgian branch of the Gladio-network became public, speculations and allegations about involvement of the Gladio-operatives in various high-profile and often unsolved crimes and terrorist acts during the 1980s began to appear in the media. To investigate these allegations and clarify the operation of the Belgian branch, a senatorial investigative commission was established on 20 December 1990. It was tasked with clarifying the structure, aims etc. of the network and the amount of oversight; which connections existed with domestic and foreign intelligence and police services; and whether there was a link with events previously examined in parliamentary inquiries [15] or certain serious crimes and terrorist acts committed the previous decade. [4]
Interview 1843 - Daniele Ganser Exposes The Ruthless Empire
François Vitrani, "L'Italie, un Etat de 'souveraineté limitée'?", in Le Monde diplomatique, December 1990. (in French) Political policy encouraging violent struggle The interior of the Banca Nazionale dell'Agricoltura in Piazza Fontana, Milan, after it was bombed in 1969 And, controversially, some had even been part of fascist organizations during the war, their skills considered valuable despite their questionable pasts. The Stay-Behind Armies a b c d Ganser, Daniele (2004). NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe (PDF). ISBN 978-0-7146-8500-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2022.Even the planning and preparation of clandestine networks in areas of the country most vulnerable to invasion falls within the duties of the State. But the protection of the clandestine nature necessitated by these networks does not mean that they should be clandestine to the very same institutions within which they operate. The creation of these networks must always occur formally, respecting the law and the Constitution. To keep them covert is an entirely different question. Del Pero, Mario (2001). "The United States and "Psychological Warfare" in Italy, 1948–1955". The Journal of American History. 87 (4): 1304–1334. doi: 10.2307/2674730. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 2674730. PMID 17152679. Schwarzer Schatten". Der Spiegel (in German) (50): 194b–200a. 10 December 1990 . Retrieved 28 October 2008. [ verification needed] According to the former Italian Ministry of Grace and Justice Claudio Martelli, during the 1980s and 1990s Andreotti was the political reference of Licio Gelli and the Masonic lodge Propaganda 2. [25] Giulio Andreotti's revelations on 24 October 1990 [ edit ] La 'red Gladio' continúa operando, según el ex agente Alberto Volo, El País, August 19, 1991 (in Spanish)
Belgian stay-behind network - Wikipedia
Gladiosu'nu çözen savcı: En etkili Gladio sizde". SABAH (in Turkish). 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020 . Retrieved 20 February 2015. Speculation that the Netherlands was involved in Gladio arose from the accidental discovery of large arms caches in 1980 and 1983. [50] In the latter incident, people walking in a forest near the village of Rozendaal, near Arnhem, chanced upon a large hidden cache of arms, containing dozens of hand grenades, semiautomatic rifles, automatic pistols, munitions and explosives. [51] [52] That discovery forced the Dutch government to confirm that the arms were related to NATO planning for unorthodox warfare. [53] Campani, Giovanna (4 July 2016). "Neo-fascism from the Twentieth Century to the Third Millennium: The Case of Italy". In Lazaridis, Gabriella; Campani, Giovanna; Benveniste, Annie (eds.). The Rise of the Far Right in Europe: Populist Shifts and 'Othering' . Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-55679-0. In December 2005, journalist Kleanthis Grivas published an article in To Proto Thema, a Greek Sunday newspaper, in which he accused "Sheepskin" for the assassination of CIA station chief Richard Welch in Athens in 1975, as well as the assassination of British military attaché Stephen Saunders in 2000. This was denied by the US State Department, who responded that "the Greek terrorist organization ' 17 November' was responsible for both assassinations", and that Grivas's central piece of evidence had been the Westmoreland Field Manual which the state department, as well as an independent congressional inquiry, have alleged to be a Soviet forgery. [49] The State Department also highlighted the fact that, in the case of Richard Welch, "Grivas bizarrely accuses the CIA of playing a role in the assassination of one of its own senior officials" while "Sheepskin" couldn't have assassinated Stephen Saunders for the simple reason that, according to the US government, "the Greek government stated it dismantled the 'stay behind' network in 1988." [49] Netherlands [ edit ] The parliamentary commission later led by senator Giovanni Pellegrino, in charge of investigations on bombings committed during the Years of Lead in Italy.
Misinformation about 'Gladio/Stay Behind' Networks Resurfaces". USINFO. U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs. 20 January 2006. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 17 August 2023. During the Cold War, West European countries set up clandestine 'stay behind' networks, which were designed to form the nucleus of resistance movements if the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Western Europe. ... A thirty year-old Soviet forgery has been cited as one of the central pieces of 'evidence' for the false notion that West European 'stay-behind' networks engaged in terrorism, allegedly at U.S. instigation. This is not true ... . With the 1948 elections, the country was given the tools to fight internal conflicts with the weapons of democracy and within the institutions of parliament. The only true subversive and destabilising phenomena were terrorism, which blighted the so-called ‘Years of Lead’, 8 Between the late 1960s and the late 1980s, Italy experienced a wave of far-right and far-left terrorism, including the assassination of ex-Prime Minister Aldo Moro and, for example, the bombing of the Bologna train station in 1980 that killed 85 people. and organised crime. Recently, the mafia complex was unearthed from its Sicilian sanctuary, and the extent of its infiltration into significant parts of the country was revealed. 9 Beginning in 1986, an attempt to dismantle the entire power structure of the Sicilian Mafia ( Cosa Nostra) began with the indictment of 475 mafiosi. Over the course of investigations, the depth of Mafia influence on the Italian political system and business infrastructure was made public.
Foreword xi - libcom.org
The secret services to which Gladio was anchored were profoundly reformed three times in these years: SIFAR became the SID in 1966, and in 1977 SISDE and SISMI were created. 6 Italian intelligence agencies have had to be reshuffled multiple times because of their overreach. For example, General Vito Miceli, the ex-head of the SID (Servizio Informazioni di Difesa) was arrested in 1974 for his involvement a botched right-wing coup in 1970 (the Golpe Borghese). These stay-behind soldiers came from various walks of life. They united through a shared purpose: to be ready to defend their nations if the Cold War suddenly turned hot. Training and Tactics Who exactly were these secret soldiers? How were they chosen? And who held them accountable? These questions linger and add to the complex legacy of the stay-behind armies. A Silent VigilImagine secret training camps, shadowy operatives, and hidden weapons caches preparing for a war everyone hoped would never come. These were men selected for their loyalty, courage, and willingness to fight for their countries from the shadows. Swiss academic Daniele Ganser wrote NATO's Secret Armies, a 2004 book that alleged direct NATO support for far-right terrorists in Italy as part of its "strategy of tension". [13] Ganser also alleges that Operation Gladio, an effort to organize stay-behind guerrillas and resistance in the event of a communist takeover of Italy by the Eastern Bloc, continued into the 1970's and supplied the far-right neo-fascist movements [ example needed] with weapons. Ganser's conclusions have been disputed; [3] [14] most notably, Ganser heavily cites the document US Army Field Manual 30-31B, which the US state department claims is a 1976 Soviet hoax meant to discredit the US whilst others such as Ray S. Cline have claimed it is likely authentic and Licio Gelli who claimed it was in fact given to him by the CIA. [15] [16] A) 1976: Training on radio-communications, intelligence, maritime operations, aerial operations and escape routes. Both military intelligence and Staatsveiligheid maintained dossiers on Gladio training activities, of which incomplete versions were made available to the parliamentary committee. Events from the list of operations by the military branch was provided by Coëme and is denoted by A, while events from the list from the archives of the Staatsveiligheid (titled " Overzicht oefeningen in het kader ACC – periode 1980-1990") is denoted by B:
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