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Crystallization

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Bai HW, Wang Y, Zhang ZJ et al (2009) Influence of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene with beta-phase nucleating agent. Macromolecules 42(17):6647–6655. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9001269 Crystallization can be defined as the process through which the atoms/molecules of a substance arrange themselves in a well-defined three-dimensional lattice and consequently, minimize the overall energy of the system. When a substance is subjected to crystallization , its atoms or molecules bind together through well-defined angles.

De Rosa C, Auriemma F (2006) Structure and physical properties of syndiotactic polypropylene: a highly crystalline thermoplastic elastomer. Prog Polym Sci 31(2):145–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2005.11.002 Varga J (1992) Supermolecular structure of isotactic polypropylene. J Mater Sci 27(10):2557–2579. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00540671 The method described in this chapter has been developed and tested for evaporative and cooling crystallization processes, but can be adapted relatively easily for melt crystallization processes from suspensions. Examples are given for evaporative and cooling processes, for a DTB evaporative crystallizer including mother liquid recycling and for an Oslo evaporative crystallizer.Varga J (1986) Melting memory effect of the beta-modification of polypropylene. J Therm Anal 31(1):165–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01913897 Hoffman JD, Lauritzen JI (1961) Crystallization of bulk polymers with chain folding—theory of growth of lamellar spherulites. J Res Natl Bur Stand A 65(4):297-+. https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.065a.035 Xiao ZG, Sun N (2016) Crystallization behavior for metallocene-catalyzed isotactic polypropylene in alkane solvents of various molecular sizes. J Therm Anal Calorim 124(1):295–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5146-3 Patel GN, Patel RD (1970) Single crystals of high polymers by film formation. J Polym Sci Part A-2 Polym Phys 8(1):47–59. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1970.160080104 Kumaraswamy G, Issaian AM, Kornfield JA (1999) Shear-enhanced crystallization in isotactic polypropylene. 1. Correspondence between in situ rheo-optics and ex situ structure determination. Macromolecules 32(22):7537–7547. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma990772j

Mezghani K, Phillips PJ (1994) Equilibrium melting-point of deuterated polypropylene. Macromolecules 27(21):6145–6146. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00099a032 Mezghani K, Phillips PJ (1998) The gamma-phase of high molecular weight isotactic polypropylene: III. The equilibrium melting point and the phase diagram. Polymer 39(16):3735–3744. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(97)10121-5 De Rosa C, Auriemma F, Vinti V, Galimberti M (1998) Equilibrium melting temperature of syndiotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules 31(18):6206–6210. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9805248 Miller RL, Seeley EG (1982) Crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polypropylene. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 20(12):2297–2307. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1982.180201210Morrow DR, Newman BA (1968) Crystallization of low-molecular-weight polypropylene fractions. J Appl Phys 39(11):4944–4950. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1655891 Martuscelli E, Pracella M, Zambelli A (1980) Properties of solution-grown crystals of fractions of isotactic polypropylene with different degrees of stereoregularity. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 18(3):619–636. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.180180320 A Review of Experimental Methods for Nucleation Rate Determination in Large-Volume Batch and Microfluidic Crystallization. Pawlak A, Piorkowska E (1999) Effect of negative pressure on melting behavior of spherulites in thin films of several crystalline polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 74(6):1380–1385. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19991107)74:6%3c1380:Aid-app9%3e3.0.Co;2-m Xiao ZG, Sun Q, Xue G et al (2003) Thermal behavior of isotactic polypropylene freeze-extracted from solutions with varying concentrations. Eur Polymer J 39(5):927–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-3057(02)00313-0

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