Black Sarawak Pepper from Malaysia, 200 g

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Main articles: List of schools in Sarawak and List of universities in Malaysia Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) chancellory building Christianity is the largest religion in Sarawak, representing 50.1% of the total population according to the 2020 census. [315] This makes Sarawak the only Malaysian state with a Christian majority. The earliest Christian missionaries in Sarawak were Church of England ( Anglicans) in 1848, followed by Roman Catholics a few years later, and Methodists in 1903. Evangelization first took place among the Chinese immigrants before spreading to indigenous animists. [316] Other Christian denominations in Sarawak are Borneo Evangelical Mission (or Sidang Injil Borneo), [317] and Baptists. [318] Indigenous people such as the Iban, Bidayuh, and Orang Ulu have adopted Christianity, although they do retain some of their traditional religious rites. Many Muslims come from the Malay and Melanau. Buddhism, Taoism, and Chinese folk religion are predominantly practised by Chinese Malaysians. [319] Other minor religions in Sarawak are the Baháʼí Faith, [320] Hinduism, [321] Sikhism, [322] and animism. [323] In 2008, SCORE was established as a framework to develop the energy sector in the state, specifically the Murum, Baram, and Baleh Dams as well as potential coal-based power plants, [210] and 10 high priority industries out to 2030. [211] [212] The Regional Corridor Development Authority is the government agency responsible for managing SCORE. [213] The entire central region of Sarawak is covered under SCORE, including areas such as Samalaju (near Bintulu), Tanjung Manis, and Mukah. [214] Samalaju will be developed as an industrial park, [215] with Tanjung Manis as a halal food hub, [216] and Mukah as the administrative centre for SCORE with a focus on resource-based research and development. [217] Tourism [ edit ] French Romani Manouche band performing during Rainforest World Music Festival 2006

Status of Sabah, Sarawak stays". Bernama. Daily Express. 10 April 2019. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019 . Retrieved 10 April 2019. Education in Malaysia falls under the remit of two federal ministries; the Malaysian Ministry of Education is responsible for primary and secondary education, [263] while the Ministry of Higher Education has oversight over public universities, polytechnic and community colleges. [264] Early childhood education is not directly controlled by the Ministry of Education as it does with primary and secondary education. However, the ministry does oversee the licensing of private kindergartens, the main form of early childhood education, in accordance with the National Pre-School Quality Standard, which was launched in 2013. [265]Formation of Malaysia 16 September 1963". National Archives of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 8 November 2015. Trudy, Ring; Noelle, Watson; Paul, Schellinger (12 November 2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. SEAP Publications. p.497. ISBN 978-0-87727-712-5 . Retrieved 29 October 2015. Ogmore (15 November 1956). "SARAWAK HL Deb vol 200 cc328-68". UK parliament. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017. The Sarawak state government has enacted several laws to protect its forests and endangered wildlife species. Some of the protected species are the orangutan, green sea turtle, flying lemur, and piping hornbill. Under the Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998, Sarawak natives are given permissions to hunt for a restricted range of wild animals in the jungles but should not possess more than 5kg (11lb) of meat. [173] The Sarawak Forest Department was established in 1919 to conserve forest resources in the state. [174] Following international criticism of the logging industry in Sarawak, the state government decided to downsize the Sarawak Forest Department and created the Sarawak Forestry Corporation in 1995. [175] [176] The Sarawak Biodiversity Centre was set up in 1997 for the conservation, protection, and sustainable development of biodiversity in the state. [177] Conservation issues [ edit ] A logging camp along the Rajang River Area codes in Sarawak". cybo.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018 . Retrieved 22 July 2015.

Adam Aziz (9 April 2019). "No two-thirds majority for Bill to make Sabah, Sarawak equal partners". The Edge Markets. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019 . Retrieved 10 April 2019. Constitution states English remains Sarawak's official language". asklegal.my . Retrieved 20 February 2023. Around the time of Federation, overall literacy in Sarawak was quite low. In 1960, the overall literacy rate was 25%, with a heavy slant in the literacy rate towards the Chinese population, 53%, compared with that of indigenous peoples which was substantially lower, only 17%. [266] By 2007, overall literacy in adults aged 15 and over had significantly increased to 92.3% and in 2012, this had climbed to 96%. [267]Ling, Sharon (14 February 2014). "Muhyiddin: Umno need not be in Sarawak". The Star (Malaysia) . Retrieved 23 June 2014.

Naskah Nagarakretagama" (in Indonesian). Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 13 October 2014. During the Brooke era, Sarawak Malays were predominantly fishermen, [296] leading to their villages being concentrated along river banks. However, with the advent of urban development, many Malays have migrated to seek employment in public and private sectors. Traditionally, they are known for their silver and brass crafts, wood carvings, and textiles. [138] [299] R.S, Milne; K.J, Ratnam (2014). Malaysia: New States in a New Nation. Routledge. p.71. ISBN 978-1-135-16061-6 . Retrieved 14 November 2015. ...the major parties in each state fall quite neatly into three categories: native-non-Muslim, native-Muslim, and non-native.Urban populations consist predominantly of Malays, Melanaus, Chinese, and a small population of urban Ibans and Bidayuhs who migrated from their home villages seeking employment. [282] The latter two are among the more than 40 sub-ethnic groups of Sarawak, many of whom still inhabit remote areas and are referred to as Orang Asal. [283] The Orang Asal, and Malays, of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah are referred to collectively as Bumiputera (son of the soil). This classification grants them special privileges in education, jobs, finance, and political positions. [284] Wendy Hutton (2000). Adventure Guides: East Malaysia. Tuttle Publishing. p.30. ISBN 978-962-593-180-7. Ib Larsen (2012). "The First Sultan of Sarawak and His Links to Brunei and the Sambas Dynasty, 1599-1826: A Little-known Pre-Brooke History". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Project MUSE. 85 (2): 1–16. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.3022. doi: 10.1353/ras.2012.0006. S2CID 161325104. Zheng, Dekun (1 January 1982). Studies in Chinese Archeology. The Chinese University Press. pp.49, 50. ISBN 978-962-201-261-5 . Retrieved 29 December 2015. In case of Santubong, its association with T'ang and Sung porcelain would necessary provide a date of about 8th – 13th century A.D.

Sarawak remained part of the Empire of Japan for three years and eight months. During this time it was divided into three provinces – Kuching-shu, Sibu-shu, and Miri-shu – each under their respective Provincial Governor. The Japanese otherwise preserved the Brooke administrative structure and appointed the Japanese to important government positions. [69] Allied forces later carried out Operation Semut to sabotage Japanese operations in Sarawak. [70] During the battle of North Borneo, the Australian forces landed at Lutong-Miri area on 20 June 1945 and had penetrated as far as Marudi and Limbang before halting their operations in Sarawak. [71] After the surrender of Japan, the Japanese surrendered to the Australian forces at Labuan on 10 September 1945. [72] [73] The following day, the Japanese forces at Kuching surrendered, and the Batu Lintang camp was liberated. [74] Sarawak was immediately placed under British Military Administration and managed by Australian Imperial Forces (AIF) until April 1946. [75] [76] So, that is why we need to find ways to see how to improve their production and improve their income so that Sarawak can remain the main producer of pepper in the country.

Pepper—The Basics

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