Star images 55062 du Replica Stunt Puppet, Multi-Colored, 12 inches

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Gestal, C., Guerra, A., Pascual, S. & Azevedo, C., 2002. On the life cycle of Aggregata eberthi and observations on Aggregata octopiana (Apicomplexa, Aggregatidae) from Galicia (NE Atlantic). European Journal of Protistology, 37, 427-435. Blanc, A., du Sel, G.P. & Daguzan, J., 1999. Relationships between length of prey/predator for the most important prey of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Malacologia, 41(1), 139-145.

There is evidence of gene flow between the English Channel and southern North Sea populations probably due to the mobility of this species. However, there is also clear genetic differences between the Atlantic and Mediterranean populations (Wolfram et al., 2006). Adults have a more linear growth rate (Challier et al., 2005) that almost ceases during winter migration to colder offshore waters (Dunn, 1999). The growth rate of Sepia officinalis decreases continuously with an increase in size (Domingues et al., 2001). A maximum lifespan of two years is common with the exception of some individuals reaching four years of age in culture (Bettencourt & Guerra, 1999). In areas of higher temperatures, such as the Portuguese coast, the time taken to reach sexual maturity is far less compared to English, colder, waters. This results in a reduced lifespan of one year (Gras et al., 2016).Cuttlefish have a soft, unarmoured body making them vulnerable to damage and injury (Hanlon & Messenger, 1991; Cooke & Tonkins, 2015). The cuttlebone is able to repair itself and maintains buoyancy so that cuttlefish can withstand a certain amount of internal bone injury (Boletzky & Overath, 1991). Turan, C& Yaglioglu, D, 2010. Population identification of common cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis) inferred from genetic, morphometric and cuttlebone chemistry data in the NE Mediterranean Sea. Scientia Marina, 74, 77-86. Pascual.E., 1978. Crecimiento y alimentación de tres generaciones de Sepia officinalis en cultivo. Invest Pesqu, 42,421-441. Pérez-Losada, M., Guerra, A., Carvalho, G.R., Sanjuan, A. & Shaw, P.W., 2002. Extensive population subdivision of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) around the Iberian Peninsula indicated by microsatellite DNA variation. Heredity, 89, 417.

Hanlon.R.Y., Ament. S.A., Gabr. H., 1999. Behavioral aspects of sperm competition in cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Sepioidea: Cephalopoda). Marine Biology, 134,719-728. André, M., Solé, M., Lenoir, M., Durfort, M., Quero, C., Mas, A., Lombarte, A., van der Schaar, M., López-Bejar, M., Morell, M., Zaugg, S. & Houégnigan, L., 2011. Low-frequency sounds induce acoustic trauma in cephalopods. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, 489-493.Despite their resistance, inflammation and secondary bacterial infections occur generally in cuttlefish thathave sustained trauma or mantle lesions. Septicaemia ( Vibrio spp.) caused by mantle erosion from trauma and/or collision resulted in the death of 4/7 cultured cuttlefish under standard culturing conditions (Sherrill et al., 2000). Lutz, H.L., Ramirez-Puebla, T., Abbo, L., Schlundt, C., Sjaarda, A.K., Durand, A., Hanlon, R.T., Gilbert, J. & Mark Welch, J.L., 2018. A simple microbiome in esophagus and gills of the European common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. bioRxiv440677; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/440677 This model was tested in Cura 3.4.1 and printed on an Ultimaker 2 in PLA material.Below you can find printing recommendations for Cura and Simplify3D softwares. Cura printing recommendations: In inshore French waters, Sepia officinalis is harvested bytraps that selectively remove males prior to reproduction, trawls that capture a high percentage of females and juveniles, and nets that capture an even ratio of adult males and females (du Sel et al., 1997). Females have been shown to mate with multiple males meaning a reduction in males may not affect the fecundity of the population drastically. The statocyst is considered the primary sound detection organ in cephalopods. Alongside peripheral hairs and epidermal hairs, Sepia officinalis is able to detect local water movement by detecting vibrations (Hanlon & Messenger, 1996; Samson et al., 2014). The statocyst is also responsive for equilibrium and movement in the water column (Solé et al., 2017).

Howson, C.M. & Picton, B.E., 1997. The species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles and surrounding seas. Belfast: Ulster Museum. [Ulster Museum publication, no. 276.] Lower circalittoral, Lower infralittoral, Sublittoral fringe, Upper circalittoral, Upper infralittoral Hochberg. F. G.,1990. Diseases caused by protistans and metazoans. In Kinne:Diseases of Marine Animals. Vol III. Diseases of Mollusca: Cephalopoda, Hamburg: pp. 47-202. Chaddha, R. 2007. Antomy of a cuttlefish. NOVA (online). Accessed: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/anatomy-cuttlefish.html (17/10/18). Benchmark.Damage to surface features (e.g. species and physical structures within the habitat). Further detailCuttlefish adjust their camouflage depending on light intensity. In extremely low light (<0.001 lux) cuttlefish do not camouflage but instead retract their dermal chromophores and choose a pale appearance, suggesting a low energy response (Buresch et al., 2015). Under high light intensity camouflage is increased with more energy consumption. A danger of the increase in an extended period of illumination is that more energy will have to be prioritised for camouflage and not other processes such as growth or reproduction (Buresch et al., 2015). South East Wales Biodiversity Records Centre, 2018. SEWBReC Molluscs (South East Wales). Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/jos5ga accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-10-02.

Blanc, A., du Sel, P. & Daguzan, J., 1998. Habitat and diet of early stages of Sepia officinalis L. (Cephalopoda) in Morbihan Bay, France. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 64, 263-274. Castro, B.G. & Guerra, A., 1990. The diet of Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Sepia elegans (D'Orbigny, 1835) (Cephalopoda, Sepioidea) from the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain). Scientia Marina, 54(4), 375-388.Cephalopods have a poikilothermic metabolism that rises or falls directly with temperature (Forsythe, 1993; cited inBloor et al., 2013). For example, an increase of 6°C results in a doubling of individual feeding rate (Pascual, 1978). Cuttlefish in the English Channel have lower mitochondrial capabilities compared to subtropical Adriatic species but have larger hearts, which improve their energetic efficiencies. This allows them to extend their thermal tolerance(Oellermann et al., 2012). It has been estimated that the temperature limits of Sepia officinalis are 10 and 30°C (Guerra, 2006). Denis, V. & Robin, J.-P., 2001. Present status of the French Atlantic fishery for cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis). Fisheries Research, 52, 11-22.