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Chinese Religion | GRF". globalreligiousfutures.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-21 . Retrieved 2023-08-19.

Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2021-09-20 . Retrieved 2022-01-16. Wang, Orange; Leng, Sidney (28 September 2018). "Chinese President Xi Jinping's show of support for state-owned firms 'no surprise', analysts say". South China Morning Post . Retrieved 2020-01-31. Waller, Derek J. (1973). The Kiangsi Soviet Republic: Mao and the National Congresses of 1931 and 1934 (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. a b Ma, Josephine (17 May 2021). "Party-state relations under China's Communist Party: separation of powers, control over government and reforms". South China Morning Post .The typhoon season in China normally runs from May to November. You should monitor the progress of approaching storms and follow the advice of the local authorities. See Natural disasters. China's first population fall since 1961 creates 'bleaker' outlook for country". the Guardian. 17 January 2023 . Retrieved 2023-01-21. Madelyn Holmes (2008). Students and teachers of the new China: thirteen interviews. McFarland. p.185. ISBN 978-0-7864-3288-2. a b c Wade, Geoff. " The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'". Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 188, May 2009, p. 20. China". The World Factbook (2023ed.). Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2016-07-03. (Archived 2016 edition)

Tang, Xiaoyang; Guo, Sujian; Guo, Baogang (2010). Greater China in an Era of Globalization. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp.52–53. ISBN 978-0-7391-3534-1.Under the succeeding Tang and Song dynasties, Chinese economy, technology, and culture entered a golden age. [60] The Tang dynasty retained control of the Western Regions and the Silk Road, [61] which brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa, [62] and made the capital Chang'an a cosmopolitan urban center. However, it was devastated and weakened by the An Lushan rebellion in the 8th century. [63] In 907, the Tang disintegrated completely when the local military governors became ungovernable. The Song dynasty ended the separatist situation in 960, leading to a balance of power between the Song and the Liao dynasty. The Song was the first government in world history to issue paper money and the first Chinese polity to establish a permanent navy which was supported by the developed shipbuilding industry along with the sea trade. [64] On 1 January 1912, the Republic of China was established, and Sun Yat-sen of the Kuomintang (the KMT or Nationalist Party) was proclaimed provisional president. [88] In March 1912, the presidency was given to Yuan Shikai, a former Qing general who in 1915 proclaimed himself Emperor of China. In the face of popular condemnation and opposition from his own Beiyang Army, he was forced to abdicate and re-establish the republic in 1916. [89] Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong toasting together in 1945 following the end of World War II

Suisheng Zhao (2000). China and Democracy: Reconsidering the Prospects for a Democratic China. Routledge. p.43. ISBN 0-415-92694-7. China claims the de facto state of Taiwan, which it does not control, as its disputed 23rd province, i.e. Taiwan Province. See §Administrative divisions for more details. China is one of 17 megadiverse countries, [156] lying in two of the world's major biogeographic realms: the Palearctic and the Indomalayan. By one measure, China has over 34,687 species of animals and vascular plants, making it the third-most biodiverse country in the world, after Brazil and Colombia. [157] The country is a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity; [158] its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan was received by the convention in 2010. [159] Further explanation of disputed ranking: The dispute about which is the world's third-largest country arose from the inclusion of coastal and territorial waters for the United States. This discrepancy was deduced from comparing the CIA World Factbook and its previous iterations against the information for United States in Encyclopædia Britannica, particularly its footnote section. [13] In sum, according to older versions of the CIA World Factbook (from 1982 to 1996), the U.S. was listed as the world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China) with a total area of 9,372,610km 2 (3,618,780sqmi). However, in the 1997 edition, the U.S. added coastal waters to its total area (increasing it to 9,629,091km 2 (3,717,813sqmi)). And then again in 2007, U.S. added territorial water to its total area (increasing it to 9,833,517km 2 (3,796,742sqmi)). During this time, China's total area remained unchanged. In other words, no coastal or territorial water area was added to China's total area figure. The United States has a coastal water area of 109,362km 2 (42,225sqmi), and a territorial water area of 195,213km 2 (75,372sqmi), for a total of 304,575km 2 (117,597sqmi) of additional water space. This is larger than entire countries like Italy, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Adding this figure to the U.S. will boost it over China in ranking since China's coastal and territorial water figures are currently unknown (no official publication) and thus cannot be added into China's total area figure.

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After repeated military defeats by the European colonial powers and Imperial Japan in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science and technology as part of the Self-Strengthening Movement. After the Communists came to power in 1949, efforts were made to organize science and technology based on the model of the Soviet Union, in which scientific research was part of central planning. [378] After Mao's death in 1976, science and technology were promoted as one of the Four Modernizations, [379] and the Soviet-inspired academic system was gradually reformed. [380] Modern era

Main articles: Education in China, Higher education in China, and List of universities in China Beijing's Peking University, one of the top-ranked universities in China [492] [493] a b Graham-Harrison, Emma; Garside, Juliette (24 November 2019). " 'Allow no escapes': leak exposes reality of China's vast prison camp network". The Guardian . Retrieved 2020-01-18.

The United Nations Statistics Division's figure for the United States is 9,833,517km 2 (3,796,742sqmi) and China is 9,596,961km 2 (3,705,407sqmi). These closely match the CIA World Factbook figures and similarly include coastal and territorial waters for the United States, but exclude coastal and territorial waters for China.