Akkermansia Muciniphila Probiotic Granules * Live Long * Weight Control Dogadan Bizim (5)

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Li, N. et al. Human milk and infant formula modulate the intestinal microbiota and immune systems of human microbiota-associated mice. Food Funct. 12, 2784–2798 (2021). Polyphenols are nature’s own food colourings, found in fruits and vegetables. Akkermansia loves them. We already knew that polyphenols reduce inflammation and help to prevent many diseases, so the fact that they increase Akkermansia is even more reason to eat the rainbow. Sheehan, D. & Shanahan, F. The Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 46, 143–154 (2017). Ottman, N. et al. Genome-Scale Model and Omics Analysis of Metabolic Capacities of Akkermansia muciniphila Reveal a Preferential Mucin-Degrading Lifestyle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 83, e01014–e01017 (2017). Michael Oredsson, CEO of The Akkermansia Company, says: “The distribution agreement with Metagenics is the first phase of the launch of The Akkermansia Company brand.​

Kim, S. G. et al. Efficacy and safety of lobeglitazone monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus over 24-weeks: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo controlled trial. PLoS ONE 9, e92843 (2014). Lee, J. C. et al. Gene expression profiling of CD8+ T cells predicts prognosis in patients with Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. J. Clin. Investig. 121, 4170–4179 (2011). Bolte, L. A. et al. Long-term dietary patterns are associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory features of the gut microbiome. Gut 70, 1287–1298 (2021).

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Live A. muciniphila bacteria have been repeatedly confirmed to be related to the improvement of the intestinal barrier. Oral gavage with live A. muciniphila can increase the expression of tight junction proteins (TJs), such as zonula occludens (ZO-1) and occludin, in DSS-induced mice 84. In vitro, active A. muciniphila bacteria are also found to increase the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), a recognized parameter to reflect the cell integrity of the cell membrane 85 of cocultured Caco-2 cells after 24 or 48 h 18, 86. Particularly, some cellular components of A. muciniphila have also been shown to improve the intestinal permeability. One of them is extracellular vesicles (AmEVs), the lipid bilayer secreted by A. muciniphila. Compared to obese mice induced by high-fat diet, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Caco-2 cell, the expression of occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-5 is enhanced (in vivo and in vitro) by activating the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in a dose-dependent manner with oral administration of 10 μg AmEVs 87. Moreover, after pasteurization 88, a stable outer membrane of A. muciniphila, Amuc_1100, has been shown to increase the TER in vitro 86 and the expression of TJ genes in the small intestine of obese mice induced by high-fat diet in vivo 14. Amuc-1100 belongs to a gene cluster related to the formation of pilus 86 and was recently used in mice with metabolic and intestinal diseases 14, 88. Crespo-Piazuelo, D. et al. Association between the pig genome and its gut microbiota composition. Sci. Rep. 9, 8791 (2019). Dao, M.C.; Belda, E.; Prifti, E.; Everard, A.; Kayser, B.D.; Bouillot, J.-L.; Chevallier, J.-M.; Pons, N.; Le Chatelier, E.; Ehrlich, S.D.; et al. Akkermansia muciniphila abundance is lower in severe obesity, but its increased level after bariatric surgery is not associated with metabolic health improvement. Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. 2019, 317, E446–E459. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Chiaffarino, F.; Cipriani, S.; Ricci, E.; Roncella, E.; Mauri, P.A.; Parazzini, F.; Vercellini, P. Endometriosis and inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review of the literature. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2020, 252, 246–251. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Shen, J. et al. Low-density lipoprotein receptor signaling mediates the triglyceride-lowering action of Akkermansia muciniphila in genetic-induced hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 36, 1448–1456 (2016).

Scherbaum, W. A. et al. Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperglycaemia. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 10, 675–682 (2008). Kang, C.-S. et al. Extracellular vesicles derived from gut microbiota, especially Akkermansia muciniphila, protect the progression of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. PloS one 8, e76520 (2013). Zhai, R. et al. Strain-Specific Anti-inflammatory Properties of Two Akkermansia muciniphila Strains on Chronic Colitis in Mice. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 9, 239 (2019).

The mice implanted with stools from their fish oil-fed friends also showed reduced levels of inflammation when compared to the other group (Source: NCBI). The bottom line? The type of fat we choose to eat has a massive potential to influence our microbiomes, and as a result, our health. Werner, M., Tönjes, A., Stumvoll, M., Thiery, J. & Kratzsch, J. Assay-dependent variability of serum insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance test: influence on reference intervals for insulin and on cut-off values for insulin sensitivity indices. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 46, 240–246 (2008). Perraudeau F, McMurdie P, Bullard J, et al. Improvements to postprandial glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial of a novel probiotic formulation. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020 Jul;8(1):e001319. Shen, J.; Tong, X.; Sud, N.; Khound, R.; Song, Y.; Maldonado-Gomez, M.X.; Walter, J.; Su, Q. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Signaling Mediates the Triglyceride-Lowering Action of Akkermansia muciniphila in Genetic-Induced Hyperlipidemia. Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2016, 36, 1448–1456. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

Ganesh, B.P.; Klopfleisch, R.; Loh, G.; Blaut, M. Commensal Akkermansia muciniphila exacerbates gut inflammation in Salmonella Typhimurium-infected gnotobiotic mice. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e74963. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Xu B, Qin W, Xu Y, et al. Dietary Quercetin Supplementation Attenuates Diarrhea and Intestinal Damage by Regulating Gut Microbiota in Weanling Piglets. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Dec 13;2021:6221012. doi: 10.1155/2021/6221012. PMID: 34950418; PMCID: PMC8689231. Jess, T.; Frisch, M.; Jørgensen, K.T.; Pedersen, B.V.; Nielsen, N.M. Increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease in women with endometriosis: A nationwide Danish cohort study. Gut 2012, 61, 1279–1283. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Allin, K. H. et al. Aberrant intestinal microbiota in individuals with prediabetes. Diabetologia 61, 810–820 (2018).

Discovered in 2004, the Akkermansia muciniphila​ bacterium was isolated from human intestinal microbiota and characterised by Professor Willem M. de Vos of Wageningen University, Netherlands, a co-founder of The Akkermansia Company. Bunker, J. J. et al. Innate and Adaptive Humoral Responses Coat Distinct Commensal Bacteria with Immunoglobulin A. Immunity 43, 541–553 (2015). Dethlefsen, L.; Relman, D.A. Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108 (Suppl. S1), 4554–4561. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Rampelli, S. et al. Shotgun Metagenomics of Gut Microbiota in Humans with up to Extreme Longevity and the Increasing Role of Xenobiotic Degradation. mSystems 5, e00124–20 (2020).

Rodríguez-Daza MC, de Vos WM. Polyphenols as Drivers of a Homeostatic Gut Microecology and Immuno-Metabolic Traits of Akkermansia muciniphila : From Mouse to Man. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Dec 20;24(1):45. Atkin, S. L. et al. Effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on circulating tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. J. Diabetes Complicat. 31, 1458–1464 (2017).Wallace, T. M., Levy, J. C. & Matthews, D. R. Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care 27, 1487–1495 (2004). Hänninen, A. et al. Akkermansia muciniphila induces gut microbiota remodelling and controls islet autoimmunity in NOD mice. Gut 67, 1445–1453 (2018). Jian H, Liu Y, Wang X, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila as a Next-Generation Probiotic in Modulating Human Metabolic Homeostasis and Disease Progression: A Role Mediated by Gut-Liver-Brain Axes? Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 15;24(4):3900. Zhang, T.; Ji, X.; Lu, G.; Zhang, F. The potential of Akkermansia muciniphila in inflammatory bowel disease. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2021, 105, 5785–5794. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]