Tissues and Issues

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Siamantouras, E., Hills, C. E., Squires, P. E. & Liu, K. K. Quantifying cellular mechanics and adhesion in renal tubular injury using single cell force spectroscopy. Nanomedicine 12, 1013–1021 (2016). Acquired immunity comes from vaccines and exposure to diseases. These enable the body to develop antigens that can help it fight the same disease a second time. Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, ovaries, mammary glands (female), testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis (male) Antibodies are part of a large family of chemicals called immunoglobulins, which play many roles in the immune response: Rho, J. Y., Ashman, R. B. & Turner, C. H. Young’s modulus of trabecular and cortical bone material: ultrasonic and microtensile measurements. J. Biomech. 26, 111–119 (1993).

A tissue is a group of cells, in close proximity, organized to perform one or more specific functions. Desai, S. S. et al. Physiological ranges of matrix rigidity modulate primary mouse hepatocyte function in part through hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha. Hepatology 64, 261–275 (2016).

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Leong, H. T., Hug, F. & Fu, S. N. Increased upper trapezius muscle stiffness in overhead athletes with rotator cuff tendinopathy. PLoS One 11, e0155187 (2016). Krag, S. & Andreassen, T. T. Mechanical properties of the human posterior lens capsule. Invest. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44, 691 (2003). When former child star and operatic Voice of an Angel Charlotte Church grew up, we knew things were going to be different. As a feisty 19 year old with a rugby player boyfriend, she's been in and out of the papers every since she discovered boys and alcohol. Tissues and Issues sees Charlotte attempt to cross over from the classical chambers into the pop pond, but were our expectations, dreaming of a pop saviour, simply too high? beehive maintenance costs, equipment, protective clothing etc for those looking to undertake garden activities but have no garden themselves. Arani, A. et al. Cardiac MR elastography for quantitative assessment of elevated myocardial stiffness in cardiac amyloidosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 46, 1361–1367 (2017).

Tsimbouri, P. M. et al. Stimulation of 3D osteogenesis by mesenchymal stem cells using a nanovibrational bioreactor. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 1, 758–770 (2017). Chlasta, J. et al. Variations in basement membrane mechanics are linked to epithelial morphogenesis. Development 144, 4350–4362 (2017). Pang, Z., Deeth, H., Sopade, P., Sharma, R. & Bansal, N. Rheology, texture and microstructure of gelatin gels with and without milk proteins. Food Hydrocoll. 35, 484–493 (2014). This innate immunity includes the external barriers of our body — the first line of defense against pathogens — such as the skin and mucous membranes of the throat and gut. Wenger, M. P. E., Bozec, L., Horton, M. A. & Mesquidaz, P. Mechanical properties of collagen fibrils. Biophys. J. 93, 1255–1263 (2007).Arani, A. et al. Measuring the effects of aging and sex on regional brain stiffness with MR elastography in healthy older adults. Neuroimage 111, 59–64 (2015). Stamenović, D. et al. Rheological behavior of living cells is timescale-dependent. Biophys. J. 93, 39–41 (2007). Two major characteristics of epithelial tissue divide it into subclasses: the shape of the cells and the presence of layers. Chu, S.-Y. et al. Mechanical stretch induces hair regeneration through the alternative activation of macrophages. Nat. Commun. 10, 1524 (2019).