Simply Psychology, Second Edition

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Generativity involves concern for others and the desire to contribute to future generations, often through parenting, mentoring, leadership roles, or creative output that adds value to society.

Shapiro, T., & Emde, R. N. (1991). Introduction: Some Empirical Approaches To Psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 39, 1-3. Melanie Klein: Klein (1882 – 1960), a prominent psychoanalyst, is considered a neo-Freudian due to her development of object relations theory, which expanded on Freud’s ideas. She emphasized the significance of early childhood experiences and the role of the mother-child relationship in psychological development. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of hope. By developing a sense of trust, the infant can have hope that as new crises arise, there is a real possibility that other people will be there as a source of support. They start learning to work and cooperate with others and begin to understand that they can use their skills to complete tasks. This leads to a sense of confidence in their ability to achieve goals.How an adolescent’s peer group perceives them can impact their sense of self and identity formation. At the beginning of 1908, the committee had 22 members and was renamed the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud diverged on several key concepts. Jung disagreed with Freud’s view of the unconscious as a repository of repressed desires, proposing a collective unconscious housing shared ancestral memories instead. Jung also redefined libido as a general life force, not merely sexual energy. Furthermore, while Freud saw religion as an illusion, Jung considered it essential to the human experience. These disagreements led to a break between Freud and Jung around 1912-1913, after which Jung developed his own theoretical framework, analytical psychology. Despite their differences, both made substantial and lasting contributions to the field of psychology. Neo-Freudians The fifth stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is identity vs. role confusion, and it occurs during adolescence, from about 12-18 years. During this stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals. Here’s the conflict:

In psychoanalysis (therapy) Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he would sit behind them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and childhood memories. Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process, involving many sessions with the psychoanalyst. Traditionally, during psychoanalytic sessions, the patient lies on a couch with the analyst seated just behind and out of the patient’s line of vision. This setup is believed to facilitate free association, allowing the patient to speak freely without the immediate reaction or perceived judgment from the therapist. The absence of face-to-face interaction is thought to help patients project their feelings and transferences more easily. However, behavioral psychologists such as B.F. Skinner have criticized this method as being subjective and unscientific. 2) Freudian Slip Fonagy (1981) questions whether attempts to validate Freud’s approach through laboratory tests have any validity themselves. Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the deterministic forces operating in the unconscious,For Erikson (1958, 1963), these crises are psychosocial because they involve the psychological needs of the individual (i.e., psycho) conflicting with the needs of society (i.e., social). Recent research shows the ongoing relevance of Erikson’s theory across the lifespan. A 2016 study found a correlation between middle-aged adults’ sense of generativity and their cognitive health, emotional resilience, and executive function. Erich Fromm: Fromm (1900-1980) was a German-American psychoanalyst associated with the Frankfurt School, who emphasized culture’s role in developing personality. He advocated psychoanalysis as a tool for curing cultural problems and thus reducing mental illness. Freud felt that this transference was an inevitable aspect of psychoanalysis, and used it to explain to patients the childhood origins of many of the concerns and fears.

If this initiative is not encouraged, if parents or teacher restricts it, then the child begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities, and therefore may not reach his or her potential. By understanding the importance of exploration and providing the right support, caregivers can help children navigate this stage successfully and minimize feelings of guilt. Stage 4. Industry vs. Inferiority For example, rather than put on a child’s clothes, a supportive parent should have the patience to allow the child to try until they succeed or ask for assistance. This could mean being unsure about one’s place in the world, values, and future direction. They may struggle to identify their purpose or path, leading to confusion about their personal identity. Unconscious thoughts and feelings can transfer to the conscious mind in the form of parapraxes, popularly known as Freudian slips or slips of the tongue. We reveal what is really on our mind by saying something we didn”t mean to.Erikson states it is critical that parents allow their children to explore the limits of their abilities within an encouraging environment that is tolerant of failure.