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Originally, senators were selected by the state legislatures, not by popular elections. By the early years of the 20th century, the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums. [19] Popular election to the Senate was standardized nationally in 1913 by the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment. Party In Power – Congress and Presidency – A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress, 1945–2008". uspolitics.about.com. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012 . Retrieved September 17, 2012. receive the personal information concerning you which you have provided to us, in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format and have the right to transmit those data to a third party in certain situations

Critics [ who?] contend the Senate's structure gives states with smaller populations the same amount of influence as states with high populations, making the chamber "non-democratic". [75] The disparity in population between the most and least populous states has grown since the 18th century. In 1790, Virginia had approximately ten times the population of Rhode Island, while in 2020, California had approximately 70 times the population of Wyoming. Also, people living in the District of Columbia and in U.S. territories are represented in the Senate by non-voting delegates. [76] [77] One analysis of democracies found that only Argentina and Brazil's upper chambers deviate further from the one person, one vote principle than the U.S. Senate does. [78] Critics, such as Elizabeth Rusch, argue voters from small states have disproportionate influence and benefit from disproportionate amounts of federal funding [79] when compared to voters from larger states. [80] This disparity in representation between large and small states has increasingly favored Republicans since the 1960s, [81] [82] [83] with David Wasserman estimating in 2018 that Democrats would need to keep winning the popular vote by more than 6% to maintain control of the Senate. [84] See also The Senate (not the judiciary) is the sole judge of a senator's qualifications. During its early years, however, the Senate did not closely scrutinize the qualifications of its members. As a result, four senators who failed to meet the age requirement were nevertheless admitted to the Senate: Henry Clay (aged 29 in 1806), John Jordan Crittenden (aged 29 in 1817), Armistead Thomson Mason (aged 28 in 1816), and John Eaton (aged 28 in 1818). Such an occurrence, however, has not been repeated since. [21] In 1934, Rush D. Holt Sr. was elected to the Senate at the age of 29; he waited until he turned 30 (on the next June 19) to take the oath of office. In November 1972, Joe Biden was elected to the Senate at the age of 29, but he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing-in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973. Congressional Quarterly Congress and the Nation XII: 2005–2008: Politics and Policy in the 109th and 110th Congresses (2010); massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, as well as major executive and judicial decisions; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac. The Congress and the Nation 2009–2012 vol XIII has been announced for September 2014 publication. DeLeo, Robert A. (September 17, 2009). "Temporary Appointment of US Senator Shall not be a candidate in special election". Massachusetts General Court. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021 . Retrieved July 19, 2015. Drutman, Lee (July 29, 2020). "The Senate Has Always Favored Smaller States. It Just Didn't Help Republicans Until Now". FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved February 4, 2023.Amer, Mildred (March 27, 2008). "Secret Sessions of Congress: A Brief Historical Overview" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2009. Ziblatt, Daniel; Levitsky, Steven (September 5, 2023). "How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind". The Atlantic . Retrieved September 20, 2023.

By tradition, seniority is a factor in the selection of physical offices and in party caucuses' assignment of committees. When senators have been in office for the same length of time, a number of tiebreakers are used, including comparing their former government service and then their respective state population. [38] Complete list of impeachment trials". United States Senate. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010 . Retrieved November 20, 2007.

The manner by which the Seventeenth Amendment is enacted varies among the states. A 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories (specific procedures vary among the states): [25]

Swift, Elaine K. The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787–1841. U. of Michigan Press, 1996 Each Senate committee and subcommittee is led by a chair (usually a member of the majority party). Formerly, committee chairs were determined purely by seniority; as a result, several elderly senators continued to serve as chair despite severe physical infirmity or even senility. [59] Committee chairs are elected, but, in practice, seniority is rarely bypassed. The chairs hold extensive powers: they control the committee's agenda, and so decide how much, if any, time to devote to the consideration of a bill; they act with the power of the committee in disapproving or delaying a bill or a nomination by the president; they manage on the floor of the full Senate the consideration of those bills the committee reports. This last role was particularly important in mid-century, when floor amendments were thought not to be collegial. They also have considerable influence: senators who cooperate with their committee chairs are likely to accomplish more good for their states than those who do not. The Senate rules and customs were reformed in the twentieth century, largely in the 1970s. Committee chairmen have less power and are generally more moderate and collegial in exercising it, than they were before reform. [60] The second-highest member, the spokesperson on the committee for the minority party, is known in most cases as the ranking member. [61] In the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Select Committee on Ethics, however, the senior minority member is known as the vice-chair. Rusch, Elizabeth (2020). You call this democracy?: how to fix our government and deliver power to the people. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-358-17692-3. OCLC 1124772479.a b "Constitution of the United States". Senate.gov. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022 . Retrieved January 8, 2023. Comiskey, Michael. Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees U. Press of Kansas, 2004.