LE BIOETHANOL DE SECONDE GENERATION. LA PRODUCTION D'ETHANOL A PARTIR DE BIOMASSE LIGNOCELLULOSIQUE: La production d'éthanol à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique

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Battipaglia G, De Micco V, Sass-Klaassen U, Tognetti R, Makela A (2014) Special issue: WSE symposium: Wood growth under environmental changes: the need for a multidisciplinary approach. Tree Physiol 34:787–791 Burton RA, Fincher GB (2014) Plant cell wall engineering: applications in biofuel production and improved human health. Curr Opin Biotechnol 26:79–84 Member States should avoid distortive situations resulting in the extensive importation of resources from third countries. A life-cycle approach should be considered and promoted in that respect. It is thus appropriate to establish a binding Union target of a share of at least 32 % of renewable energy. Moreover, the Commission should assess whether that target should be reviewed upwards in light of substantial cost reductions in the production of renewable energy, the Union's international commitments for decarbonisation, or in the case of a significant decrease in energy consumption in the Union. Member States should establish their contribution to the achievement of that target as part of their integrated national energy and climate plans pursuant to the governance process laid down in Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( 6).

Espinoza-Herrera R (1996) Aspectos químicos de la Madera de Abies religiosa var. Típica (Oyamel) (in Spanish). Ciencia y Tecnología de la madera 10:11–17 Main current projects (2) Pilot plants • 2. America • Iogen : Canada (30 t/d) • Verenium (Louisiana) 3.5 t/d • NREL (USA) • Abengoa (York) source : Celunol Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 When favouring the development of the market for energy from renewable sources, it is necessary to take into account the positive impact on regional and local development opportunities, export prospects, social cohesion and employment opportunities, in particular as concerns SMEs and independent energy producers, including renewables self-consumers and renewable energy communities. Main current projects (1) • Europe • Sekab E-Technology (ex Etek) : • (2 t/d) in Sweden (NILE) • Wood • Biogasol (DK) • Greencell (Abengoa Bioenergy) • Location: Salamanca (Spain) • Raw material: wheat and barley straw • Capacity : 4000 t/y ethanol (70 t/d raw material) • Starting in 2007 Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 It is necessary to provide for transparent and unambiguous rules for calculating the share of energy from renewable sources and for defining those sources.

Xu G, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Korpelainen H, Li C (2013) Effect of warming on extracted soil carbon pools of Abies faxoniana forest at two elevations. For Ecol Manage 310:357–365 The Energy Union strategy also recognised the role of the citizen in the energy transition, where citizens take ownership of the energy transition, benefit from new technologies to reduce their bills, and participate actively in the market. Largo-Gosens A, Hernández-Altamirano M, García-Calvo L, Alonso-Simón A, Álvarez J, Acebes JL (2014) Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy applications for monitoring the structural plasticity of plant cell walls. Front Plant Sci 5:1–16 Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass Volume I—Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas" (PDF).

Tao G, Lestander TA, Geladi P, Xiong S (2012) Biomass properties in association with plant species and assortments I: a synthesis based on literature data of energy properties. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:3481–3506 Dahlquist E (2013) Biomass as energy source: resources, systems and applications (sustainable energy developments). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, London, pp 137–138 La biomasse lignocellulosique donc la lignocellulose, se compose de lignine, une biomolécule qui est un des principaux composants du bois avec l’hémicellulose et la cellulose (un glucide). Guerriero G, Hausman JF, Strauss J, Ertan H, Siddiqu KS (2016) Lignocellulosic biomass: biosynthesis, degradation, and industrial utilization. Eng Life Sci 16:1–16 The main objective of this review is to highlight the significance of lignocellulosic biomass as a potential source for the production of biofuels like bioethanol, biodiesel or biogas.Lupoi JS, Singh S, Simmons BA, Henry RJ (2013) Assessment of lignocellulosic biomass using analytical spectroscopy: an evolution to high-throughput techniques. Bioenergy Res 7:1–23 La valorisation s’effectue par conversion biologique, donc soit par fermentation ou par distillation. Moura JCMS, Bonine CAV, Viana JdOF, Dornelas MC, Mazzafera P (2010) Abiotic and biotic stresses and changes in the lignin content and composition in plants. J Integr Plant Biol 52:360–376 District heating and cooling currently represents around 10 % of the heat demand across the Union, with large discrepancies between Member States. The Commission's heating and cooling strategy has recognised the potential for decarbonisation of district heating through increased energy efficiency and renewable energy deployment.

Throup, James; García Martínez, Juan B.; Bals, Bryan; Cates, Jacob; Pearce, Joshua M.; Denkenberger, David C. (2022-01-01). "Rapid repurposing of pulp and paper mills, biorefineries, and breweries for lignocellulosic sugar production in global food catastrophes". Food and Bioproducts Processing. 131: 22–39. doi: 10.1016/j.fbp.2021.10.012. ISSN 0960-3085. S2CID 243485968. Avendaño-Hernández DM, Acosta-Mireles M, Carrillo-Anzures F, Etchevers-Barra JD (2009) Estimación de biomasa y carbono en un bosque de Abies religiosa (in Spanish). Rev Fitotec Mex 32:233–238 Laureano RG, Lazo YO, Linares JC, Luque A, Martínez F, Seco JI, Merino J (2008) The cost of stress resistance: construction and maintenance costs of leaves and roots in two populations of Quercus ilex. Tree Physiol 28:1721–1728 Popescu MC, Popescu CM, Lisa G, Sakata Y (2011) Evaluation of morphological and chemical aspects of different wood species by spectroscopy and thermal methods. J Mol Struct 988:65–72

The establishment of a binding Union renewable energy target for 2030 would continue to encourage the development of technologies which produce renewable energy and provide certainty for investors. A target defined at Union level would leave greater flexibility for Member States to meet their greenhouse gas reduction targets in the most cost-effective manner in accordance with their specific circumstances, energy mix and capacity to produce renewable energy. The promotion of recycled carbon fuels can contribute towards the policy objectives of energy diversification and decarbonisation of the transport sector where they fulfil the appropriate minimum greenhouse gas emissions savings threshold. It is therefore appropriate to include those fuels in the obligation on fuel supplier, whilst giving Member States the option not to consider those fuels in the obligation if they do not wish to do so. Since those fuels are not renewable, they should not be counted towards the overall Union target for energy from renewable sources. With regard to Intelligent Transport, it is important to increase the development and deployment of electric mobility for road, as well as to accelerate the integration of advanced technologies into innovative rail.