Eudeamon NAD Plus for Mental Performance | Supplement Your Diet | 90 Tablets | Suitable for Vegetarians

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Liao B, et al. (2021). Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study.

Henderson LM (1983). "Niacin". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 3: 289–307. doi: 10.1146/annurev.nu.03.070183.001445. PMID 6357238. a b Rajman L, Chwalek K, Sinclair DA (2018). "Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence". Cell Metabolism. 27 (3): 529–547. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011. PMC 6342515. PMID 29514064.Some NAD is converted into the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), whose chemistry largely parallels that of NAD, though its predominant role is as a coenzyme in anabolic metabolism. Goto M, Muramatsu H, Mihara H, Kurihara T, Esaki N, Omi R, Miyahara I, Hirotsu K (2005). "Crystal structures of Delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylate/Delta1-pyrroline-2-carboxylate reductase belonging to a new family of NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases: conformational change, substrate recognition, and stereochemistry of the reaction". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (49): 40875–84. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M507399200. PMID 16192274. Kornberg A (1948). "The participation of inorganic pyrophosphate in the reversible enzymatic synthesis of diphosphopyridine nucleotide". J. Biol. Chem. 176 (3): 1475–76. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)57167-2. PMID 18098602.

The balance between the oxidized and reduced forms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is called the NAD +/NADH ratio. This ratio is an important component of what is called the redox state of a cell, a measurement that reflects both the metabolic activities and the health of cells. [26] The effects of the NAD +/NADH ratio are complex, controlling the activity of several key enzymes, including glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. In healthy mammalian tissues, estimates of the ratio of free NAD + to NADH in the cytoplasm typically lie around 700:1; the ratio is thus favorable for oxidative reactions. [27] [28] The ratio of total NAD +/NADH is much lower, with estimates ranging from 3–10 in mammals. [29] In contrast, the NADP +/NADPH ratio is normally about 0.005, so NADPH is the dominant form of this coenzyme. [30] These different ratios are key to the different metabolic roles of NADH and NADPH. It may help reduce heart disease risk. Research in mice has found that high NAD levels in the blood reversed age-related arterial damage, which may help guard against heart disease. Yamada K, Hara N, Shibata T, Osago H, Tsuchiya M (2006). "The simultaneous measurement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and related compounds by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry". Anal. Biochem. 352 (2): 282–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.02.017. PMID 16574057. In recent years, NAD + has also been recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule involved in cell-to-cell communication. [49] [84] [85] NAD + is released from neurons in blood vessels, [48] urinary bladder, [48] [86] large intestine, [87] [88] from neurosecretory cells, [89] and from brain synaptosomes, [90] and is proposed to be a novel neurotransmitter that transmits information from nerves to effector cells in smooth muscle organs. [87] [88] In plants, the extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide induces resistance to pathogen infection and the first extracellular NAD receptor has been identified. [91] Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms of its extracellular actions and their importance for human health and life processes in other organisms. Mehmel M, et al. (2020). Nicotinamide riboside—The current state of research and therapeutic uses. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7352172/

Word History

Kim, Jinhyun; Lee, Sahng Ha; Tieves, Florian; Paul, Caroline E.; Hollmann, Frank; Park, Chan Beum (5 July 2019). "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as a photocatalyst". Science Advances. 5 (7): eaax0501. Bibcode: 2019SciA....5..501K. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0501. PMC 6641943. PMID 31334353.