The Last Colony: A Tale of Exile, Justice and Britain’s Colonial Legacy

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Mulligan, Martin; Hill, Stuart (2001). Ecological pioneers. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81103-3. Goldstein, Erik (1994). The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4559-9. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2009. Hinks, Peter (2007). Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33143-5. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2010. In what is now the eastern US, thirteen British colonies were set up during the 17th and 18th centuries. These areas became prosperous economically and many people living in them began to rally support around the contentious issue of "taxation without representation." This eventually led to the American War of Independence, also known as the Revolutionary War, which took place from 1775 to 1783. Head of the Commonwealth". Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 9 October 2010.

David, Saul (2003). The Indian Mutiny. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-91137-0. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2009. At its height in the 19th and early 20th century, it was the largest empire in history and, for a century, was the foremost global power. [1] By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412million people, 23per cent of the world population at the time, [2] and by 1920, it covered 35.5millionkm 2 (13.7millionsqmi), [3] 24per cent of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its constitutional, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as " the empire on which the sun never sets", as the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories. [4] Winks, Robin (1999). Winks, Robin (ed.). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.40–42. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205661.001.0001. ISBN 9780198205661.Louis, Roger (1986). The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822960-5. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021 . Retrieved 24 August 2012. Suez Crisis: Key players". BBC News. 21 July 2006. Archived from the original on 3 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2010. O'Brien, Phillips Payson (2004). The Anglo–Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32611-7. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2009. The British Empire was the largest of its kind in history, and once covered about one quarter of all the land on Earth.

Russo, Jean (2012). Planting an Empire: The Early Chesapeake in British North America. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0694-7. Southern Rhodesia declared independence from United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 as Rhodesia, which was not internationally recognized. Rhodesia transitioned to majority rule as Zimbabwe-Rhodesia on 1 June 1979 with a view to eventual international recognition, but instead returned to British control under the Lancaster House Agreement followed by internationally recognised independence in 1980 as Zimbabwe. Abernethy, David (2000). The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09314-8. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2009. Martin, Laura C. (2007). Tea: the drink that changed the world. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3724-8. Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing Southern Rhodesia, were all granted independence by 1968. British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process. Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight-year Mau Mau uprising, in which tens of thousands of suspected rebels were interned by the colonial government in detention camps. [245] Throughout the 1960s, the British government took a " No independence until majority rule" policy towards decolonising the empire, leading the white minority government of Southern Rhodesia to enact the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain, resulting in a civil war that lasted until the British-mediated Lancaster House Agreement of 1979. [246] The agreement saw the British Empire temporarily re-establish the Colony of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980 as a transitionary government to a majority-rule Republic of Zimbabwe. This was the last British possession in Africa.In 1984 the British government signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration with China and agreed to turn over Hong Kong and its dependencies in 1997. British rule ended on 30 June 1997, with China taking over at midnight, 1 July 1997 (at end of the 99-year lease over the New Territories, along with the ceded Hong Kong Island and Kowloon).

Levine, Philippa (2007). The British Empire: Sunrise to Sunset. Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 978-0-582-47281-5. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2010. Pascoe, Bruce (2018). Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture. Magabala Books. ISBN 978-1-925768-95-4. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021 . Retrieved 17 January 2021.During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, [5] England, France, and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England ( Britain, following the 1707 Act of Union with Scotland) the dominant colonial power in North America. Britain became a major power in the Indian subcontinent after the East India Company's conquest of Mughal Bengal at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Andrews, Kenneth (1984). Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27698-6 . Retrieved 22 July 2009. Mori, Jennifer (2014). Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785 - 1820. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-89189-5. McIntyre, W. David (1977). The Commonwealth of Nations. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-0792-1 . Retrieved 22 July 2009.

Broome, Richard (2010). Aboriginal Australians: A history since 1788. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74176-554-0. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021 . Retrieved 17 January 2021. Low, D.A. (February 1966). "The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement – 1920–1922". The Journal of Asian Studies. 25 (2): 241–259. doi: 10.2307/2051326. JSTOR 2051326. S2CID 162717788. Main articles: History of South Africa (1815–1910), History of Egypt under the British, and Scramble for Africa The Rhodes Colossus— Cecil Rhodes spanning "Cape to Cairo"Burk, Kathleen (2008). Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-971-9 . Retrieved 22 January 2012. Sheldon, Richard (2009). "Development, Poverty & Famines: The Case of British Empire". In Duffield, Mark; Hewitt, Vernon (eds.). Empire, Development and Colonialism: The Past in the Present. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. pp.74–87. ISBN 978-1-84701-011-7. JSTOR 10.7722/j.ctt81pqr.10. Main articles: American Revolution, American Revolutionary War, Decolonization of the Americas, British North America, History of Canada (1763–1867), and War of 1812 British colonial claims in North America between 1763 and 1776 The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies committed the colonies and Dominions, which provided invaluable military, financial and material support. Over 2.5million men served in the armies of the Dominions, as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies. [163] The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right. The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on Anzac Day. Canadians viewed the Battle of Vimy Ridge in a similar light. [164] The important contribution of the Dominions to the war effort was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an Imperial War Cabinet to co-ordinate imperial policy. [165] Herbst, Jeffrey Ira (2000). States and power in Africa: comparative lessons in authority and control. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01027-7.