semiotics, semipermeable membrane, semipolar bond, Semtex, Amartya K. Sen Biography, Lucius Annaeus Seneca Biography, senescence, sensation, sense and reference, sense awareness:, sense-data, sense, manifold of:, sense organ, senses, sensibility, sensitivity (irritability), sensitization, sensory cell, sensory neuron, sentences:, sentential calculus, sentential function, sentimentalism:, sentiments, sepal, septivalent (heptavalent), septum, Sequences, Sequencing, sequestration, Sequoia - Biology And Ecology Of Sequoias, Economic Importance, Serbian philosophy, sere… Science & Philosophy: Adam Smith Biography to Spectroscopic binary Science has historically been a male-dominated field, with notable exceptions. Women in science faced considerable discrimination in science, much as they did in other areas of male-dominated societies. For example, women were frequently being passed over for job opportunities and denied credit for their work. [224] The achievements of women in science have been attributed to the defiance of their traditional role as laborers within the domestic sphere. [225] Learned societies Picture of scientists in 200th anniversary of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, 1900 Scientific research is often funded through a competitive process in which potential research projects are evaluated and only the most promising receive funding. Such processes, which are run by government, corporations, or foundations, allocate scarce funds. Total research funding in most developed countries is between 1.5% and 3% of GDP. [238] In the OECD, around two-thirds of research and development in scientific and technical fields is carried out by industry, and 20% and 10% respectively by universities and government. The government funding proportion in certain fields is higher, and it dominates research in social science and humanities. In the lesser-developed nations, government provides the bulk of the funds for their basic scientific research. [239]

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Scientists exhibit a strong curiosity about reality and a desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of health, nations, the environment, or industries. Other motivations include recognition by their peers and prestige. In modern times, many scientists have advanced degrees [221] in an area of science and pursue careers in various sectors of the economy such as academia, industry, government, and nonprofit environments. [222] [223] Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The revival of learning in the West". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nded.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp.193–224. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.

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a b Bunge, M (1966). "Technology as Applied Science". In Rapp, F. (ed.). Contributions to a Philosophy of Technology. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp.19–39. doi: 10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2. ISBN 978-94-010-2184-5. S2CID 110332727. The history of scientific discipline spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest written records of identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to Bronze Age Egypt and Mesopotamia from around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped the Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes, while further advancements, including the introduction of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, were made during the Golden Age of India. [15] :12 [16] [17] [18] Scientific research deteriorated in these regions after the fall of the Western Roman Empire during the early middle ages (400 to 1000 CE), but in the Medieval renaissances ( Carolingian Renaissance, Ottonian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century) scholarship flourished again. Some Greek manuscripts lost in Western Europe were preserved and expanded upon in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age [19] and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek manuscripts from the dying Byzantine Empire to Western Europe in the Renaissance. a b Nisbet, Robert A.; Greenfeld, Liah (October 16, 2020). "Social Science". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022 . Retrieved May 9, 2021. Chimaeras, Chimpanzees - Chimpanzee Species And Habitat, Physical Characteristics, Behavior, Parenting, Eating Habits, Communication, Jane Goodall's Observations, china clay, Chinchilla, Chinese Mysticism - China's "mantic Way": Knowledge Through Insight And Technics, Self-cultivation As A Secular Pursuit: C. 400 B.c.e.–1600 C.e., Chinese Thought - The Origin, The Rise Of Rational Thinking, Heaven And Humans, Syncretic Philosophies, Bibliography, Chinese Warlordism - Bibliography, Chinese philosophy, Chinese room… Science & Philosophy: Cluster compound to Concupiscence Early in the 19th century, John Dalton suggested the modern atomic theory, based on Democritus's original idea of indivisible particles called atoms. [118] The laws of conservation of energy, conservation of momentum and conservation of mass suggested a highly stable universe where there could be little loss of resources. However, with the advent of the steam engine and the industrial revolution there was an increased understanding that not all forms of energy have the same energy qualities, the ease of conversion to useful work or to another form of energy. [119] This realization led to the development of the laws of thermodynamics, in which the free energy of the universe is seen as constantly declining: the entropy of a closed universe increases over time. [a]

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Science and society" redirects here. Not to be confused with Science & Society or Sociology of scientific knowledge. Funding and policies Budget of NASA as percentage of United States federal budget, peaking at 4.4% in 1966 and slowly declining since

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Bunge, Mario (1998). "The Scientific Approach". Philosophy of Science. Vol.1, From Problem to Theory (reviseded.). New York: Routledge. pp.3–50. ISBN 978-0-7658-0413-6. Main article: 19th century in science The first diagram of an evolutionary tree made by Charles Darwin in 1837

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Some marginalized social groups hold anti-science attitudes, in part because these groups have often been exploited in unethical experiments. [258] revaluation of values:, revelation, revenge, reverberation time, reverberatory furnace, reverse genetics, reverse osmosis, reverse transcriptase, reversible process, revisionary metaphysics, Revolution - Classical And Christian Conceptions, The Seventeenth Century, Inventing Revolution: American And French Revolutions, The Revolutionary Idea In The Modern World, revolution, revolutions, scientific, Reye's Syndrome, Reynolds number, RFLP, Rh, Rh Factor - Importance Of The Rh Factor, Rh Factor In Pregnancy, Treatment For Rh Disease, Eliminating Rh Disease, rhachis, rhe, rhenium… Science & Philosophy: Jean-Paul Sartre Biography to Seminiferous tubules

Science has no single origin. Rather, systematic methods emerged gradually over the course of tens of thousands of years, [39] [40] taking different forms around the world, and few details are known about the very earliest developments. Women likely played a central role in prehistoric science, [41] as did religious rituals. [42] Some scholars use the term " protoscience" to label activities in the past that resemble modern science in some but not all features; [43] [44] [45] however, this label has also been criticized as denigrating, [46] or too suggestive of presentism, thinking about those activities only in relation to modern categories. [47]

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Usborne Encyclopedia of Space ( Note– Rumor is that this book is going out of print, but if you can get your hands on it, it’s a great introduction to astronomy for the early elementary years.)Today, I wanted to share with you some of my favorites – sorted by age and discipline – to make things easier for you :-). Main articles: Scientific Revolution and Science in the Renaissance Drawing of the heliocentric model as proposed by the Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), Nicotine, nicotine, nicotinic acid (niacin), nictitating membrane, nidation, nido-structure, nielsbohrium, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche Biography, NIFE cell, Night Vision Enhancement Devices - Image intensification, Nightshade - Edible Species Of Nightshades, Tomato, Potato, Eggplant And Peppers, Medicine, Tobacco, Nihilism - Early History Of The Term, Nihilism In Russia And As A Russian Export, Nietzsche And Nihilism, nihilism, ninhydrin, niobium, nipple, nirvana, Nishida Kitarō Biography, Nishitani Keiji Biography, Nissl granules (Nissl bodies)… Science & Philosophy: Octadecanoate to Ovenbirds I trust that you will find these lists useful as you seek to formulate your plan for homeschool science this next year. If you have any suggestions that I didn’t include on the list or questions, please feel free to leave them in the comments below. Phobias - Introduction, Phobias - Types of Phobias - Specific Phobias, Social Phobias, Not The Same As Shyness, Agoraphobia, Phobias - What Causes a Phobia - Conditioning By Association, Conditioning By Avoidance, Expressing Unconscious Desires, Trauma, Many More Theories - Learning to Be Afraid, Phobias - Managing Fear and Phobias on Your Own - Self-talk, Visualization, Desensitization, A Word Of Warning, Phobias - When You Need Professional Treatment - Behavioral Therapy, Psychoanalysis, Other Types Of Therapy, Phobias - Conquering Fear and Anxiety in Daily Life - Examine Your Beliefs And Expectations, Let Your Feelings Out, Exercise And Eat Healthfully, Practice Relaxation… Depression