Darlington CD (1973) Chromosoma botany and the origins of cultivated plants, 3rd edn. G. Allen and Unwin Ltd., London

Ahloowalia BS, Maluszynski M, Nichterlein K (2004) Global impact of mutation-derived varieties. Euphytica 135:187–204 The flower] is just like a baby. You must care for it, look after it, feed him with healthy food. And you must keep him clean,” he continues. Furthermore, chrysanthemums need to be regularly monitored and kept safe from natural enemies, which include various insects, he says. Datta SK, Gupta VN (2012) Year round cultivation of garden chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) through photoperiodic response. Sci Cult 78(1,2):71–77 The autumn-flowering garden Chrysanthemum ( C. morifolium Ramat.) is an important flower crop throughout the world. It has earned tremendous popularity as a flower for the garden and as a cut flower for interior decoration or for greenhouse or conservatory display. The genus constitutes a large polyploid complex ranging from 2x to 22x, besides a number of aneuploids. The genetic diversity of chrysanthemum plays a very important role in developing new and novel desired forms through breeding and selection. All the present-day colorful varieties have been developed through complex interspecific crosses among elemental species, open pollination, indiscriminate intervarietal hybridization, spontaneous and induced mutation, and selection and management of chimera. The possibilities for creating different forms and improving chrysanthemum are infinite, and a breeder will always have future goals to work toward. This chapter will provide maximum information generated in India on different aspects along with important publications. Keywords

the saleroom

These chrysanthemums have a small, globe-like bloom that is flatter when young and becomes round as it ages. The florets are either incurved or reflex in a regular fashion. The flower size can range from 1 to 4 inches. Class 7 - Single and Semi-Double And then if you win. The feeling of winning is indescribable. I can’t explain to you the feeling you experience. You feel so good, and so glad and happy. It is a deep satisfaction,” Le Cordeur says. The expression of one’s success may not be as obvious as with other sports, he adds. “It is an internal, deep feeling of joy.”

The WHS is the first chrysanthemum society in South Africa, founded in 1916, according to Le Cordeur. “We survived the flu epidemic in 1918, the first world war, the second world war, Apartheid, we survived Covid, and we’re still existing,” he says. Drewlow LW, Ascher PD, Widmer RE (1973) Genetic studies of self incompatibility in the garden chrysanthemum C. morifolium Ramat. Theor Appl Genet 43:1–5In this category the florets curve downward. The tops of the bloom have a somewhat flattened appearance when they are fully open. Some people describe the flowers as having a mop-like appearance. Others say that the way the florets tend to overlap make the flower look like plumage on a bird. These flowers are not as large as Irregular Incurve but they can still span 4 to 6 inches in diameter. Class 3- Regular Incurve This is according to Richard Williams, treasurer and co-founder of the National Chrysanthemum Society of South Africa (NCSSA). Trigiano RN, Scott MC, Caetano-Anolle’s G (1998) Genetic signatures from amplification profiles characterize DNA mutation in somatic and radiation-induced sports of Chrysanthemum. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 123:642–646

These towns have societies dedicated to growing the best chrysanthemums, which are then displayed at annual flower shows and judged according to certain criteria, says Williams.

Maoxue L, Xiaofang Z, Junyu C (1983) Cytological studies on some Chinese wild Dendranthema species and Chrysanthemum cultivars. Acta Hortic Sin:1983–1993 Vancouver Facebook PUBLIC GARDEN PARTNERS Longwood Gardens, 1001 Longwood Road, Kennett Square PA 19348, September 30 through November 12, 2023. https://longwoodgardens.org/gardens/our-seasons/chrysanthemum-festival Chatterjee J, Mandal AK, Ranade SA, Datta SK (2006a) Intravarietal variation of miniature Chrysanthemum cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA. Hortic Environ Biotechnol 47(4):192–192 Courtney-Gutterson N, Napoli C, Lemieux C, Morgan A, Firoozabady E, Robinson KEP (1994) Modification of flower colour in florist’s chrysanthemum: production of a white flowering variety through molecular genetics. Biotechnology 12:268–271 These are the giant blooms in the chrysanthemum world. Many of the chrysanthemums in the ogiku, or single stem, display at Kiku come from this class. Some of the ozukuri, or thousand bloom, come from this class as well. The florets are loosely incurved, meaning that they cure upward and fold into the center of the plant. The lower florets on the flower fall in an irregular pattern giving the bloom a skirted look. Many of the flowers in this category are 6 to 8 inches across. Class 2- Reflex

The Botanic Garden of Smith College, 16 College Lane, Northampton MA 01063. November 5 – 20, 2023. Additional information at Botanic Gardens of Smith College.Chrysanthemum growing is not just about winning prizes, it is also about the sheer enjoyment of growing a beautiful flower and sustaining a piece of heritage, according to Williams. “You can’t make money from this because it’s more about spending money. It’s a hobby,” he says. Chakrabarty D, Chatterjee J, Datta SK (2007) Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity as the basis of senescence in chrysanthemum florets. Plant Growth Regul 53:107–115 Williams is also the secretary of the Pniel Horticultural and Industrial Society (PHIS), founded in 1981, he says. In tandem with chrysanthemum growing competitions some societies also hold competitions for baking, knitting, embroidery and flower arrangements – which is what ‘industrial’ refers to, according to Williams.