A list of 34 plant species belonging to the Zingiberaceae family traditionally used in Northeast India, where one species presented antivenom activity and five other species have been scientifically validated to be anti-inflammatory

Interestingly, one of the first recorded uses of venom as a treatment was described by a Roman historian in 37 BCE when it was used to treat a fast bleeding sword wound to the leg. A small amount of venom from the Steppe Viper was used to coagulate the blood and save the man from bleeding out. Ingredients such as the key ingredient in many anti-wrinkle injections, derived from the bacteria known to cause Botulism, have been used in the skincare industry with success. How Does Syn-ake Work? plant species belonging to at least 30 families. Neutralization activity of Costa Rican plants towards B. asper venom and toxins Botox’s requires frequent injections to maintain results. Snake venom, on the other hand, is painless and relatively hassle-free, making it an easy step to add into your skin care regimen. Anti-defibrinogenatic, anti-edematogenic, anti-PLA 2 activity, anti-necrotic, anti-hemorrhagic, anti-coagulant, lipid peroxidase inhibition, superoxide dismutase activity, antiserum action potentiation, anti-lethality, anti-cardiotoxic, and anti-neurotoxicVenom has been used throughout history to treat illness and there has been a significant amount of research in recent times into the potential applications of synthetic venoms to treat a variety of ailments. For example, ziconotide from cone snails to treat chronic pain or lepirudin from leeches to prevent blood clots. Anavip ® Crotalidae Immune F(ab’)2 (equine), approved in 2015 to treat envenomation from the rattlesnakes Crotalus durissus and Bothrops asper [ 29]. Ahuja and Brooks ( 13) described an in vitro hemolysis test for assessing the neutralizing potency of cobra antivenom in India, which correlated with the neutralization of lethality. In South Africa, Paul A. Christensen studied several in vitro activities of venoms (hemolysis, rennin-like effect, gelatinase and anticoagulant activities) and their neutralization by antivenoms. He found no correlation between the neutralization of lethality and in vitro hemolysis in the case of Naja flava (now Naja nivea) venom ( 14). As will be described later, no generalizations can be made regarding the possible substitution of in vivo toxicity tests by in vitro assays, owing to the great variability in the composition and action of snake venoms. Enzyme Immunoassays

Anti-hepatotoxic, anti-hypertensive, anti-tumor, anti-PLA 2, anti-snake venom, and anti-myotoxic-induced PLA 2.In a statement, ENTOD Beauty London noted that the serum is based on a patented anti-aging synthetic tripeptide snake venom neurotoxin developed by Swedish company Pentapharm Ltd.

JG prepared the first version of this manuscript. MVa, AS, MH, MVi, GS, AS, CH, and GL revised and contributed to the content of the manuscript. All authors revised the final version of the work and agreed with its content. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Funding Current antibody production faces challenges during the immunization of the animal (equine or ovine), leading to the production of a huge number of antibodies that are not related to the snake venom. Around 70% of the immunoglobulins obtained do not act directly against venom toxins [ 26]. Despite the abovementioned facts, this is the only FDA approved therapy to treat snake venom. Aqueous extracts from the stem bark of Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) inhibited the protease, hyaluronidase, hemorrhagic, fibrinogenolytic, hemolytic, procoagulant, edema, ATPase, and alkaline phosphatase activities produced by D. russelli venom Coagulopathy, i.e. defibrinogenation, is a common consequence of envenomings by viperids and some elapids and ‘colubrids’ and contributes to the systemic hemorrhage characteristic of these envenomings ( 1, 31, 53). Defibrinogenating effect is tested in vivo by determining the minimum dose of venom that renders blood unclottable in experimental animals ( 54, 55). Defibrinogenation is the consequence of the consumption of clotting factors owing to the action of procoagulant enzymes in venoms, i.e., factor X activators, prothrombin activators and thrombin-like enzymes ( 31, 56). Therefore, the in vitro coagulant activity of venoms is likely to be a surrogate test for in vivo defibrinogenating effect. Indeed, a relationship was shown between the ability of a polyspecific antivenom to neutralize in vitro coagulant and in vivo defibrinogenating activities of five viperid venoms ( 55).Ethanolic extracts and essential oils from Nectandra angustifolia (Lauraceae) leaves inhibited the hemolytic and coagulant effects produced by Bothrops neuwiedi venom Syn-peptides are synthetically manufactured peptides that are similar in structure to a naturally occurring peptide. They are designed to mimic the action of the naturally occurring form. Peptides are essentially short proteins and are used in skincare formulations as they are often small enough to penetrate through the skin. Syn-peptides have been created to combat the appearance of wrinkles, pigmentation and increase the natural protective abilities of the skin. Is Syn-ake Actually Safe? A more drastic shift in the protocol to assess venom LD 50 and antivenom ED 50 uses a maximum observation period of 8h [see, for example, Barber et al. ( 107)]. In this methodology, envenomed animals are observed at regular time intervals, e.g., every hour, and the severity of envenoming is graded according to a pre-established set of parameters. Animals that are severely affected at any time interval, i.e., are moribund, are euthanized, and all animals surviving at the end of the 8-h observation period are also euthanized. This modification of the classical methodology reduces the extent of animal suffering, although it may affect the precision of the results, as it has been observed that mice that appear moribund may then recover. A balance needs to be made between the need to refine the lethality test and the need to ensure the robustness of the test for assessing antivenom efficacy. This urges the development of studies to assess the correlation between the results of these improved protocols and those of classical protocols. Concluding Remarks