In transgenic papaya, resistance is produced by inserting the viral coat protein gene into the plant's genome. Doing so seems to cause a similar protective reaction in the plant to cross-protection, which involves using an attenuated virus to protect against a more dangerous strain. Conventional varieties of transgenic papaya has reduced resistance against heterologous (not closely related to the coat gene source) strains, forcing different localities to develop their own transgenic varieties. As of 2016, one transgenic line appears able to deal with three different heterologous strains in addition to its source. [35] [29] Papaya production – 2020 Here is an overview of the health benefits and risks of papaya enzyme [ 6, 7, 8, 9, 1]: Proponents:

Papain is good for damaged keratin removal, which may otherwise create build ups on skin. A recent study also showed that papain shows significant results in treatment for scarring. Apply the mask to your face, avoiding the eye and mouth area. Leave the mask on for 10–15 minutes or until it starts to feel warm. If at any point the mask starts to burn or feel uncomfortable, rinse it off immediately. Green papaya is used in Southeast Asian cooking, both raw and cooked. In some parts of Asia, the young leaves of the papaya are steamed and eaten like spinach.Papain has been shown to reduce inflammation in patients with asthma, arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. In a clinical study of 200 people with indigestion, papain reduced stomach inflammation. Compared to the placebo, it relieved symptoms such as stomach pain, vomiting, nausea, heartburn, burping, and bloating [ 19]. IBS

Marotta, F.; Koike, K.; Lorenzetti, A.; Jain, S.; Signorelli, P.; Metugriachuk, Y.; Mantello, P.; Locorotondo, N. Regulating Redox Balance Gene Expression in Healthy Individuals by Nutraceuticals: A Pilot Study. Rejuvenation Res. 2010, 13, 175–178. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Bertuccelli, G.; Zerbinati, N.; Marcellino, M.; Kumar, N.S.N.; He, F.; Tsepakolenko, V.; Cervi, J.; Lorenzetti, A.; Marotta, F. Effect of a quality-controlled fermented nutraceutical on skin aging markers: An antioxidant-control, double-blind study. Exp. Ther. Med. 2016, 11, 909–916. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] Julianti, T.; Oufir, M.; Hamburger, M. Quantification of the antiplasmodial alkaloid Carpaine in papaya ( Carica papaya) leaves. Planta Med. 2014, 80, 1138–1142. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] In Myanmar, the unripe papaya are cut into slices and dipped into sour, fermented, or spicy seasonings and dips. In Myanmar and Thai recipes, the unripe papaya are cut into thinner slices to make papaya salad. [41] The reason the unripe papaya is used is because of the firmer and crunchier texture. Topical papaya enzyme products are often used for their wound-healing effects, although the FDA warns consumers about possible allergic reactions when applying the enzyme topically.

Ghoti, H.; Rosenbaum, H.; Fibach, E.; Rachmilewitz, E.A. Decreased hemolysis following administration of antioxidant—fermented papaya preparation (FPP) to a patient with PNH. Ann. Hematol. 2010, 89, 429–430. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] The enzyme should not be consumed or used by people who are on blood thinners, as it may increase your bleeding risk. It’s also important to avoid using it at least two weeks before any scheduled surgery. According to a 2013 study, the high content of vitamins A, B, and C make papaya significantly beneficial for human health. Proteolytic enzymes of papaya, such as papain and chymopapain [ 2], also have antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Banchhor M, et al. Potentiality of papain as an antiaging agent in cosmetic formulation . Phcog Rev . 2008.

Organic papaya powder can promote healthy and radiant skin due to its high vitamin A content. Vitamin A helps maintain skin elasticity, reduces signs of aging, and supports the healing of wounds and blemishes.The combination of vitamin C and other immune-boosting nutrients in organic papaya powder strengthens the immune system, making it more effective at warding off infections and illnesses. Let’s look at how papaya fruit extract can benefit your skin and the easiest way for you to incorporate papaya fruit extract into your skincare routine. What Is Papaya Fruit Extract? In 2011, Philippine researchers reported that by hybridizing papaya with Vasconcellea quercifolia, they had developed papaya resistant to papaya ringspot virus (PRV), [28] part of a long line of attempts to transfer resistance from Vasconcellea species into papaya. [29] Genetically engineered cultivars [ edit ] In addition, a 1995 German study evaluated the efficacy of an enzyme combination containing papain for herpes zoster, or shingles. Sivamaruthi, B.S.; Kesika, P.; Chaiyasut, C. Toxins in fermented foods: Prevalence and preventions—a mini review. Toxins 2018, 11, 4. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]