Liebes, T. and Katz, E. (1990) The Export of Meaning: Cross-Cultural Readings of “Dallas”, New York: Oxford University Press. how media representations convey values, attitudes and beliefs about the world and how these may be systematically reinforced across a wide range of media representations Van Zoonen believes the media strategies of radical feminism are straightforward: women should create their own means of communication and try to free themselves completely women have to cut off all ties with men and male society. Norris argues that gender fundamentally shapes modern American politics. By the 1990s, the political agenda had become characterized by sharp differences of opinion on affirmative action, abortion rights, and welfare reform, placing gender at the center of US politics. Authors examine how media coverage of politics reinforces, rather than challenges, the dominant culture, thereby contributing toward women’s marginalization in public life.

Media producers are also guilty of using binary oppositions to reinforce BME people and characters as 'others'Van Zoonen believes the media portray images of stereotypical women and this behaviour reinforces societal views. The media does this because they believe it reflects dominant social values (what people believe in) and male producers are influenced by this. This is a patriarchy (a society ran by men for men) which dominates and oppresses women. Radical media strategies have been more problematic than they seemed at first sight: the belief that women together- —– all innately good people- –would be able to work without competition, hierarchy or specialization, and would write or film from the same source or essential femininity, proved illusion . (Kessler , 1984)

eds.) Gordon Lynch, Jolyon Mitchell and Anna Strhan (2012) Religion, Media and Culture: A Reader. London: Routledge. Johnston, R. (ed.) (2007) Reframing Theology and Film: New Focus for an Emerging Discipline, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. Rajagopal, A. (2010) Politics After Television: Hindu Nationalism and the Reshaping of the Public in India,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Although feminist media scholarship has grown in influence in recent decades, some have questioned its continuing validity in current postfeminist media culture as a theoretical perspective. Exploring the complex relationship among the terms “women,” “feminism,” and “media,” Thornham engages with key issues within feminist media studies both through specific examples and through critical engagement with the work of major feminist writers.

Each theory has a suggested book written by the theorist. But if you want a more teenager friendly book that covers all nineteen theories in detail that is written specifically for A-level media students, I STRONGLY recommend Mark Dixon's Media Theory For A-level! the processes which lead media producers to make choices about how to represent events, issues, individuals and social groups

Until now, I have shown in as much detail as possible with which goals, instruments, and actors municipalities are encouraging the data transitions in the social policy domain. Although both national and local governments have expressed the wish to improve the provision of services in the social domain (IBP, 2018, p. 20) and prefer to speak of data in terms of dialogue and autonomy (VNG/Berenschot, 2018), it seems, nevertheless, that the evolving practices are strongly focused on top-down monitoring, containment, and control. Citizens in the system are subjected to those processes, as a group and sometimes individually, without knowing it. The speed of the development of dashboards and the many experiments to predict fraud risks with the aid of data techniques bear witness to this, as does the total absence of citizens in the design of these data practices. The municipalities work with big or small companies and knowledge institutes, yet they are unable to set up the dialogue they so desire with citizens about the use of their personal data. Citizens in the system may perhaps respond via surveys about “client satisfaction” or via client councils, but the way in which the municipalities have introduced data techniques in the social domain leaves little room for an active, initiating, and equal input by the citizens who deliver the data. Hirshkind, C. (2006) “Cassette Ethics: Public Piety and Popular Media in Egypt,” in B. Meyer and A. Moors (eds) Religion, Media and the Public Sphere, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, pp. 29-51. The Book of Jerry Falwell, Fundamentalist Language and Politics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Modern Mass Media, Religion, and the Dynamics of Distraction and Concentration,” concluding lecture to the conference Modern Mass Media, Religion, and the Question of Community,University of Amsterdam, June 30, 2006. the way events, issues, individuals (including self-representation) and social groups (including social identity) are represented through processes of selection and combination The increasing power of global media corporations, together with the rise of convergent media technologies and developments in the production, distribution and marketing of digital media have placed traditional approaches to media regulation at risk. Hjarvard, S. (2008a) “The Mediatization of Religion: A Theory of the Media as Agents of Social Change,” Northern Lights, 6: 9-26.Complexities: The Case of Religious Cultures,” in K. Lundby (ed.) Mediatization, New York: Peter Land Publishing, pp. 123-38. Stereotyping tends to occur where there are inequalities of power, as subordinate or excluded groups are constructed as different or ‘other’ (e.g. through ethnocentrism). Widely regarded as a classic text in feminist media studies research, the book begins by outlining major themes that have shaped research. Van Zoonen explores communication methods, theories, and models to highlight the ways in which feminist research strategies offer a challenge to traditional assumptions about media and communication that ignore the influence of gender in the production, representation, and consumption of media. Liesbet van Zoonen has succeeded in exhibiting the unappreciated diversity of feminist media theorising and has prepared the ground for demonstrating its continuing relevance to newly emerging and diverse media genres. Her interesting and insightful work will be greatly welcomed by researchers, students and teachers both in women's studies and media and communication departments. I suspect that a straightforward feminist voice is what those interested would most welcome' - Sociology Margot Kersing, Liesbet van Zoonen, Kim Putters & Lieke Oldenhof (2022) - The changing roles of frontline bureaucrats in the digital welfare state: The case of a data dashboard in Rotterdam’s Work and Income department - Data & Policy, 4 (E24) - doi: 10.1017/dap.2022.16 - [link]