Anti-clotting effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been proposed by reducing platelet aggregation. However, this finding has been controversial, and the evidence in this regard is weak — typical doses of omega-3 fats from foods and supplements have a mild effect. Prevent or treat diabetes When consumed by fish, aquatic mammals, and crustaceans, the fatty acids enter the food chain and are stored in body fat, liver, and blubber. They are then later consumed by humans. Phenolic acids are also commonly distributed in Echium species. One of the best-characterised compounds isolated from the Echium genus is rosmarinic acid, which is found in several Echium species, such as E. amoenum, E. russicum, and E. vulgare [ 24, 38, 90, 94]. Moreover, when extracted with hot water, E. amoenum petals were shown to have the highest content of rosmarinic acid within these species [ 52]. Other phenolic acids have been well characterised in E. russicum, including salvianolic acid A, rabdosiin, lithospermic acid, and eritrichin (globoidnan A) [ 38]. All of these phenolic phytochemicals could explain the ethnomedicinal success of these species and represent a potential source of potent antioxidants, antivirals, anti-inflammatories, and potentially, antibacterial agents, which have limited published biologically related mechanistic data to date. Disease pressures are relatively low in the crop, with levels considerably lower than that found in borage. A range of fungicide products are now awaiting approval from the authorities before they can be used.

Oil market regulations concerning contaminate residues are becoming increasingly stricter, making active use and timings even more of a challenge. A native of southern Spain, Algeria, Morocco, Spain and Portugal, the largest frost-hardy Echium, down to approximately -6C. Echium fastuosum However, its role and health benefits for some conditions have been challenged and discredited. This Cochrane report review found no evidence of the benefit of omega-3 supplements on heart disease, stroke, or death. Hashemi et al. [ 62] evaluated the sun protection factor (SPF), antioxidant capacity, as well as flavonoid and phenol contents of methanolic extracts of petals of E. amoenum. The extraction was achieved using three different methods (percolation, Soxhlet, and ultrasonically). The phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of these extracts were evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, aluminium chloride methods, and DPPH assays. The results showed that with the assistance of percolation, the petal extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity (IC 50 = 162.3 ± 4.1 μg/mL) and highest flavonoid contents (42.64 ± 1.6 QE/g) but the lowest SPF value (0.124 ± 0.00 at 2 mg/mL). There was no correlation between SPF and the content of phenols, flavonoids, or antioxidant properties in E. amoenum. Interestingly, although this correlation is absent in E. amoenum, Hashemi et al. reports a significant correlation between SPF and phenolic and flavonoid content in other plant species. Echium candicans: for multiple flowers. A longer-lived Madeiran perennial shrub with branched stems bearing mauve, lupin-like flowers.

Echiomega Echium Seed Oil delivers superior health benefits over the commonly available plant oils providing vegetarianomega 3 6 9 fats. Echium Seed Oil has a unique profile of fatty acids and is the richest plant source of the rare omega-3 fatty acid stearidonic acid (SDA). SDA offers an unusually high rate of conversion to the long-chain omega-3s EPA and DHA - up to 5x greater than any other short-chain omega-3, including ALA found in flaxseed oil. If growers do not give the extra care and attention that niche crops require, yields will inevitably fall. At the end of the day, we want our growers to do well,” he says. In addition, omega-3 fatty acids lowered the “bad” cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), when dietary saturated fats were replaced with polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids found in plants foods such as nuts and avocados.

Fairking was established by Peter Fairs in 1982, where he started growing a range of niche crops, including quinoa, borage and chia. Wound healing effects, strains recovery, osteoarthritis, tend vaginitis, epicondylitis, arthritis, knee joint injuries, skin inflammation. However, these compounds are mostly removed during processing and PA-free borage supplements are widely available ( 17). Several studies have found that borage extract could help relieve symptoms of asthma by decreasing inflammation and swelling in the airways. Echium italicum is another popular folk medicine in Turkey (known as ‘ kuşkonmanz’ and ‘ dikeni’, for the herbs and leaves, respectively), being used to improve wound healing, blisters, and bruises. In eastern Turkey, the crushed leaves were utilised as a rub to treat abscesses and rheumatic pain. Haemorrhages were often treated with a mixture of herbs and flour, aiding the blood to clot [ 35]. An ointment made by roasting E. italicum root with butter was used after an injury to aid wound healing [ 27, 28, 36]. Furthermore, in Italy, it is recorded that a decoction of this plant was used for its depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, and even emollient properties. Interestingly, this species is reported to have been used primarily to improve respiratory infections [ 26], however the preparation and how it was administered for this purpose is not clear.Symphytum officinale roots consist of about 0.2% - 0.4% PAs ( 116). Internal use of comfrey root extracts is traditionally used for treating; its effectiveness and safety have never been assessed so far in controlled clinical trials however internally used preparations have not been recommended and were even restricted in the USA and Canada ( 120). The main liver injury caused by Symphytum and PAs is a veno-occlusive disease (VOD), a non-thrombotic obliteration of small hepatic veins leading to cirrhosis and ultimately liver failure. It may occur with either acute or chronic clinical signs with portal hypertension, hepatomegaly, and abdominal pain as the main features ( 122). To sum up, the risk of hepatotoxicity with the medicinal herbs preparations selected in this review article during the treatment procedure is influenced by the duration of the process, the source of the plant, the quantity of consumed, and the health crises of the patient ( 115, 130). Aerial parts of Symphytum, Aerial parts of Lithospermum, Aerial parts of Nonea, Aerial parts and roots of Pulmonaria On the other hand, one study in 38 people showed that taking 5 mL of borage extract 3 times daily improved symptoms of asthma but didn’t decrease inflammation, compared with a control group ( 11). Numerous reports have looked at the determination of the presence of phenolics in specific species in the genus Echium. Saponins and tannins were found within the aerial organs of E. italicum by Fazly Bazzaz et al. [ 74]. Similarly, Chaouche, T. [ 75] revealed that phenols (flavonoids and tannins), as well as steroids (saponins, sterols, and triterpenes) exist in both the leaves and roots of E. pycnanthum. Furthermore, the petals of E. amoenum contained anthocyanidin (13% w/v), flavonoid aglycons (0.15% w/v), volatile oil (0.05% w/v) with δ-cadinene (24.25% w/v) [ 24], which certainly could account for the vast ethnomedicinal uses of this particular species. Sousa et al. [ 76] evaluated the antioxidant capacity of bee pollen extracts, in particular flavonols and anthocyanins extracted from E. plantagineum. In this study, oxidative stress models were conducted in vitro (Caco-2 cells induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide ( t-BHP)). Interestingly, the isolated anthocyanins moderately impeded antioxidant potential, while the isolated flavonols partly protected the Caco-2 cells under oxidative stress. However, Mr Fairs admits that echium does not have the best germination percentage, at a 50% rate. He finds that the 15kg/ha seed rate works well, but in times of poorer germination the rate is upped. Weeds, pest and disease

Echium auberianum Echium candicans ('Pride of Madeira') Echium judaeum Echium horridum Echium rauwolfii Flowers of Echium hierrense is a species native to El Hierro. Omega-3 fatty acids have been successfully marketed as heart-friendly and reported to reduce the risk of adverse heart disease-related outcomes. In fact, omega-3 fatty acids are regarded as one of the most potent lipids capable of reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. It also potentially guards against the development of chronic diseases. Lower cholesterol Britain’s native Echium vulgare grows on wastelands and dry grassland, such as these at Dungeness. Photograph: John Turp/Getty Images Five echiums to enjoy According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), most adults in the United States consume the recommended amount of omega-3 — 1.1 grams (g) for adult females and 1.6 g for adult males — in the form of ALA.

Indications

Echium ‘Blue Bedder’: for impact in the flower bed. A compact, deep blue annual, grown easily from seed, and made popular by gardens such as Great Dixter and Perch Hill.