Various manufacturers of the game have created dozens of officially licensed versions, in which the names of the properties and other elements of the game are replaced by others according to the game's theme. The first such license was awarded in 1994, to the company that became USAopoly, starting with a San Diego edition of Monopoly and later including themes such as national parks, Star Trek, Star Wars, Nintendo, Disney characters, Pokémon, Peanuts, various particular cities (such as Las Vegas and New York City), states, colleges and universities, the World Cup, NASCAR, individual professional sports teams, and many others. [192] USAopoly also sells special corporate editions of Monopoly. [193] Official corporate editions have been produced for Best Buy, the Boy Scouts of America, Cornwell Quality Tools, FedEx, Target, Mariott and UPS, among others. [194] In 1995, a second license was awarded to Winning Moves Games in Massachusetts. [195] Winning Moves has produced a new board game and card games based on Monopoly in the United States. Winning Moves also produces official localized editions of the game in the UK, France, Germany and Australia. [196] [197] [198] [199] The Doctor Who 50th Anniversary Edition Monopoly is a special case, having been originally produced by Winning Moves in the UK, and resold by USAopoly within the US. [200] A third license was awarded in 2000 by Hasbro to Winning Solutions, Inc., which produces specialty deluxe editions mostly for sale by specialized retailers. [201] Other licensed localized editions of the game are being published in Nigeria and The Netherlands, among other locations. [202] [203] Barriers to entry: Competition within the market will determine the firm's future profits, and future profits will determine the entry and exit barriers to the market. Estimating entry, exit and profits are decided by three factors: the intensity of competition in short-term prices, the magnitude of sunk costs of entry faced by potential entrants, and the magnitude of fixed costs faced by incumbents. [5] Orbanes, Philip E. (2004). The Game Makers: The Story of Parker Brothers (Firsted.). Harvard Business School Press. p. 92. ISBN 1-59139-269-1. Economic barriers: Economic barriers include economies of scale, capital requirements, cost advantages and technological superiority. [8]

Hinebaugh, Jeffrey P. (2009). A Board Game Education: Building Skills for Academic Success. Rowman & Littlefield Education. p.72. ISBN 978-1-60709-260-5.

Setup

a b "Monopoly – History & Fun Facts". Hasbro. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012 . Retrieved 4 March 2013. a b Parlett, David (March–April 2007). "Monopolizing History". The American Interest. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2013.

See H.R. 4460, and S. 1440, United States Congress, First Session, 1983, H.R. 6285 and S. 1990, 98th United States Congress, Second Session, 1984. This was signed into Public Law 98-620, by Ronald Reagan on November 8, 1984. Under the Boardwalk, LLC. "Under the Boardwalk: The Monopoly Story – 2015 Monopoly Championship Info". The game was very successful in the United Kingdom and France, but the 1936 German edition, published by Schmidt Spiele, disappeared from the market within three years. This edition, featuring locations in Berlin, was denounced, allegedly by Joseph Goebbels to the Hitler Youth due to the game's "Jewish-speculative character". [84] It is also alleged that the real reason behind the Nazi denouncement was because high-ranking Nazis (i.e. Goebbels, again) lived on streets whose names appeared as those sections of the game board given the highest property values, and did not want to be associated with a game. [85] [86] The game last appeared in a pre-World War II Schmidt Spiele catalog in 1938. [87] A new German edition, with "generic" street and train station names (i.e., not chosen from a single German city) would not appear until 1953. [84] [88] The 1936 German edition, with the original cards and Berlin locations, was reprinted in 1982 by Parker Brothers and again in 2003 (in a wooden box), and 2011 (in a red metal tin) by Hasbro. [89] [90]a b c d e f g h i j 1973–1995 World Champions are listed in Philip Orbanes' Monopoly Companion, second edition, p. 171. Within the UK (and some international releases), Monopoly was released under Waddingtons until the Hasbro acquisition in 1994. The Waddingtons and Parker brand continued to be used until the Hasbro brand became permanent in 2009 The board game Monopoly has its origin in the early 20th century. The earliest known version, known as The Landlord's Game, was designed by Elizabeth Magie and first patented in 1904, but existed as early as 1902. [1] [2] Magie, a follower of Henry George, originally intended The Landlord's Game to illustrate the economic consequences of Ricardo's Law of economic rent and the Georgist concepts of economic privilege and land value taxation. [3] A series of board games was developed from 1906 through the 1930s that involved the buying and selling of land and the development of that land. By 1933, a board game had been created much like the modern version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its related companies through the rest of the 20th century, and into the 21st. Several people, mostly in the midwestern United States and near the East Coast of the United States, contributed to design and evolution. A 65th Anniversary Edition was released in a variation of the white box in 2000. [137] In 2001, the European Edition is reissued, correcting the mistake of the 1999 printing, and correctly listing Bern as the capital of Switzerland. [131] In 2005, a 70th Anniversary Edition was released in a silver-metallic tin with a plastic slip case. [138] Also starting in 2005, various "Here & Now" editions were released in multiple countries. The first release of this edition was for the UK market, and its success led to the selection of properties for a US edition by online vote. The most popular properties were released on the US "Here & Now" edition board in 2006. This, in turn, led to a worldwide "Here & Now" edition (released in 2008), along with other national editions (including a second UK "Here and Now" edition) with properties selected by online vote. [139] [140] [141] The main principle of the "Here & Now" editions was "What if Monopoly had been invented today?" [142]