Neuman de Vegvar, Carol L. (1990). The Northumbrian Golden Age: The Parameters of a Renaissance. University Microfilms. Richards, J.D. (1 January 1991). Book of Viking Age England. B.T. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-6519-8.

Fraser, James E (2009). From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0748612321. Precise definitions vary, but they typically centre around the historic counties of Northumberland and Durham; the ceremonial counties of Northumberland, Durham and Tyne and Wear; [2] or the region of North East England. Parts of historic Yorkshire and ceremonial North Yorkshire are sometimes included. [3]NORTHUMBRIA | Meaning & Definition for UK English". Lexico.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020 . Retrieved 8 September 2021.

Annals of Ulster U685.2; Annals of Tigernach T685.2; Bede, Ecclesiastical History IV: XXIV; Annals of Clonmacnoise p. 109 Goffart, Walter (2005). The narrators of barbarian history (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 9780268029678. a b Molyneaux, George (2017). The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century. OUP Oxford. p.10. ISBN 9780192542939. Bosworth, Joseph (1898). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth. Clarendon Press. By 679, the Northumbrian hegemony seems to have started to fall apart. The Irish annals record a Mercian victory over Ecgfrith at which Ecgfrith's brother, Ælfwine of Deira, was killed. [9] Sieges were recorded at Dunnottar, in the northernmost region of the "Southern Pictish Zone" near Stonehaven in 680, and at Dundurn in Strathearn in 682. [10] The antagonists in these sieges are not recorded, but the most reasonable interpretation is thought to be that Bridei's forces were the assailants. [11]An all-party pressure group plans to re-create the ancient kingdom of Northumbria as a federal state in a new United Kingdom". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2015. Goffart, WalterA. (1988). The Narrators of Barbarian History (A. D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05514-5.

The Anglo-Saxon states of Bernicia and Deira were often in conflict before their eventual semi-permanent unification in 654. Political power in Deira was concentrated in the East Riding of Yorkshire, which included York, the North York Moors, and the Vale of York. [18] The political heartlands of Bernicia were the areas around Bamburgh and Lindisfarne, Monkwearmouth and Jarrow, and in Cumbria, west of the Pennines in the area around Carlisle. [19] The name that these two states eventually united under, Northumbria, might have been coined by Bede and made popular through his Ecclesiastical History of the English People. [20]But, says Dan, natives of the region would know which side of a line from Whitburn to Birtley to Chester-le-Street someone came from by asking them to say the word “beetroot”. The Archaeology of the Danelaw: an introduction (PDF). James Graham-Campbell. p.4 . Retrieved 15 October 2023. The Blaydon Races, a popular musical hall song first sung by Geordie Ridley at Balmbra's Music Hall in Newcastle in 1862, gives an idea of some of the characters attending the old meetings. These races were held on an island in the middle of the Tyne and were last held on 2 September 1916. A riot broke out after the winning horse was disqualified, and the event was discontinued. It is remembered in the famous English folk song The Blaydon Races, and the event and its characters are vividly depicted in William Irving's 1903 painting. 'The Blaydon Races – A Study from Life' which is on show at the Shipley Art Gallery in Gateshead. The Irish monks brought with them an ancient Celtic decorative tradition of curvilinear forms of spirals, scrolls, and doubles curves. This style was integrated with the abstract ornamentation of the native pagan Anglo-Saxon metalwork tradition, characterized by its bright colouring and zoomorphic interlace patterns. [98] The Christianity culture of Northumbria was influenced by the continent as well as Ireland. In particular, Wilfrid travelled to Rome and abandoned the traditions of the Celtic church in favour of Roman practices. When he returned to England, he became abbot of a new monastery at Ripon in 660. Wilfrid advocated acceptance of the authority of Rome at the Synod of Whitby. The two-halves of the double monastery Monkwearmouth–Jarrow were founded by the nobleman Benedict Biscop in 673 and 681. Biscop became the first abbot of the monastery, and travelled to Rome six times to buy books for the library. [85] His successor, Abbot Ceolfrith, continued to add to the library until by one estimate the library at Monkwearmouth–Jarrow had over two hundred volumes. [85] One who benefited from this library was Bede. [86]