Indicidual physicians and surgeons may got a medical degree from a university or been granted a licence after taking an apprenticeship, but many are completely unlicensed. [97] By the end of the period, there is a medical practitioner (a physician, surgeon or apothecary) for every 400 people in London. [98] One of the main concerns of Henry VII during his reign was the re-accumulation of the funds in the royal treasury. England had never been one of the wealthier European countries, and after the Wars of the Roses this was even more true. Through his strict monetary strategy, he was able to leave a considerable amount of money in the Treasury for his son and successor, Henry VIII. Although it is debated whether Henry VII was a great king, he certainly was a successful one if only because he restored the nation's finances, strengthened the judicial system and successfully denied all other claimants to the throne, thus further securing it for his heir. [13] Henry VIII [ edit ] Catherine of Aragon: the Church of England annulled her marriage after she failed to produce a male heir to the Tudor dynasty Religious persecution occurred under every monarch in this period. Between 1485 and 1553, 102 heretics were burned at the stake around the country, many at Smithfield, the usual London location for burnings. [127] The History of the Medieval Jews of England". Oxford Jewish Heritage. n.d . Retrieved 15 September 2023.

Doran, Susan and Thomas Freeman, eds. Mary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives (Palgrave MacMillan, 2011). Professor Sara Nair James says that between 1515 and 1529, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, "would be the most powerful man in England except, possibly, for the king." [19] Historian John Guy explains Wolsey's methods: Traill, H. D., and J. S. Mann (eds). Social England: a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day: Volume iii: From the accession of Henry VIII to the death of Elizabeth" (1895) online; 876 pp; short essays by expertsAt the beginning of the period, the printing press in London was in its infancy, with London's first press, run by William Caxton, having been set up only nine years prior. In 1492 it was taken over by Wynkyn de Worde and moved from Westminster to Fleet Street. [141] Published works were subject to strict censorship by the Crown beginning in the 1530s. From 1557, all published works were required to be registered with the Stationers' Company in London, and from 1586 printing presses were only allowed to operate in London, Oxford and Cambridge. [142]

Notestein, Wallace. English people on the eve of colonization, 1603–1630 (1954); scholarly study of occupations and roles online Operating with the firm support of the king, and with special powers over the church given by the Pope, Wolsey dominated civic affairs, administration, the law, the church, and foreign-policy. He was amazingly energetic and far-reaching. In terms of achievements, he built a great fortune for himself, and was a major benefactor of arts, humanities and education. He projected numerous reforms, but in the end English government had not changed much. For all the promise, there was very little achievement of note. From the king's perspective, his greatest failure was an inability to get a divorce when Henry VIII needed a new wife to give him a son who would be the undisputed heir to the throne. Historians agree that Wolsey was a disappointment. In the end, he conspired with Henry's enemies, and died of natural causes before he could be beheaded. [21] [22] Thomas Cromwell [ edit ] This name is sometimes given as Tewdwr, the Welsh form of Theodore, but Modern Welsh Tudur, Old Welsh Tutir is originally not a variant but a different and completely unrelated name, etymologically identical with Gaulish Toutorix, [8] from Proto-Celtic *toutā "people, tribe" and *rīxs "king" (compare Modern Welsh tud "territory" and rhi "king" [9] respectively), corresponding to Germanic Theodoric. Freeman, Thomas S. "'Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church '", Journal of Ecclesiastical History (2017). onlineVictor L. Stater, Noble Government: the Stuart Lord Lieutenancy and the Transformation of English Politics (1994). Further information: Henry VIII of England and Anglo-Scottish Wars King Henry VIII aged 21, on his way to open Parliament on 4 February 1512 The Tudor rose was created when Henry VII brought an end to the Wars of the Roses (an ongoing battle between two royal groups – the House of Lancaster and the House of York). He joined the White Rose of York with the Red Rose of Lancaster, creating the Union Rose (or Tudor Rose), which is still used as the floral emblem of England today!

The end of the period saw the development of a type of boisterous, semi-criminal working-class woman called the " roaring girl". Although the most famous roaring girls, such as Mary Frith, lived in the Stuart period, there are early Tudor examples such as Long Meg, a possibly-fictional woman depicted in the pamphlet The Life and Pranks of Long Meg of Westminster. Long Meg ran a tavern in Islington, dressed as a man, and fought with any man who dared challenge her. [110] Punishments [ edit ] Porter, Stephen (2011). Shakespeare's London: Everyday Life In London, 1580-1616. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley. p.23. ISBN 978-1-84868-200-9.The House of Tudor ( / ˈ tj uː d ər/) [1] was a dynasty of largely Welsh and English origin that held the English throne from 1485 to 1603. [2] They descended from the Tudors of Penmynydd and Catherine of Valois. The Tudor monarchs ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including their ancestral Wales and the Lordship of Ireland (later the Kingdom of Ireland) for 118 years with five monarchs: Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. The Tudors succeeded the House of Plantagenet as rulers of the Kingdom of England, and were succeeded by the House of Stuart. The first Tudor monarch, Henry VII of England, descended through his mother from a legitimised branch of the English royal House of Lancaster, a cadet house of the Plantagenets. The Tudor family rose to power and started the Tudor period in the wake of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), which left the main House of Lancaster (with which the Tudors were aligned) extinct in the male line.