Mattelaer, Johan J. "Some Historical Aspects of Urinals and Urine Receptacles." World Journal of Urology 17.3 (1999): 145–50. Print. Tucson lawmaker wants tax credits for water-conserving toilet". Cronkite News Service. Archived from the original on 2007-08-10 . Retrieved 2008-03-12. Geere, Duncan. (6 January 2011). " 'Toylet' Games in Japan's Urinals". Wired UK . Retrieved 20 January 2011. Ross, Alan S.C. (1954), "Linguistic Class-Indicators in Present-Day English", Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, vol.55, Helsinki, pp.113–149 {{ citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link).

Panel Quiz Chou Nyo-ryoku: A game show style game where players must flip a random selection of six different cards by the strength of their urination. Each flip is placed on a rising bar similar to a regular strength tester, but with vaguely tarot card like interactions. Dokitsu! Boufuu Keihou Hatsurei: In this game, the player plays as an animated gust of wind with the goal being to try and blow a woman's skirt up to reveal her underwear. a b Genc, Melda. "The Evolution of Toilets and Its Current State." Thesis. Middle East Technical University, 2009. Harold B. Lee Library. Brigham Young University, 2009. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.

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Toilet was originally a French loanword (first attested in 1540) that referred to the toilette ("little cloth") draped over one's shoulders during hairdressing. [69] During the late 17th century, [69] the term came to be used by metonymy in both languages for the whole complex of grooming and body care that centered at a dressing table (also covered by a cloth) and for the equipment composing a toilet service, including a mirror, hairbrushes, and containers for powder and makeup. The time spent at such a table also came to be known as one's "toilet"; it came to be a period during which close friends or tradesmen were received as "toilet-calls". [69] [72] A typical flush toilet is a ceramic bowl (pan) connected on the "up" side to a cistern (tank) that enables rapid filling with water, and on the "down" side to a drain pipe that removes the effluent. When a toilet is flushed, the sewage should flow into a septic tank or into a system connected to a sewage treatment plant. However, in many developing countries, this treatment step does not take place. Whitaker, Mark. 30 June 2007. "Why Uganda hates the plastic bag." BBC News. Retrieved 28 September 2007.

Cole, Paul (26 October 2014). "Brutal sex killer claims having to slop out cell breaches his human rights". birminghammail . Retrieved 8 January 2018. Shu'aib, Tajuddin B., "Qadaahul Haajah (Relieving Oneself)", The Prescribed Prayer Made Simple, MSA West Compendium of Muslim Texts, archived from the original on 2009-08-19 , retrieved 2009-03-10A chemical toilet collects human excreta in a holding tank and uses chemicals to minimize odors. They do not require a connection to a water supply and are used in a variety of situations. These toilets are usually, but not always, self-contained and movable. A chemical toilet is structured around a relatively small tank, which needs to be emptied frequently. It is not connected to a hole in the ground (like a pit latrine), nor to a septic tank, nor is it plumbed into a municipal system leading to a sewage treatment plant. [25] When the tank is emptied, the contents are usually pumped into a sanitary sewer or directly to a treatment plant. Made in Naples. Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa (e come continua a farlo)[ Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)] (in Italian). Addictions-Magenes Editoriale. 2013. ISBN 978-8866490395. a b c "Call to action on sanitation" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 August 2014. Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014). Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (2ed.). Dübendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). ISBN 978-3-906484-57-0. Gershenson, Olga; Penner, Barbara (2009): Ladies and gents – Public toilets and gender. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Toilets can be designed to be used either in a sitting or in a squatting posture. Each type has its benefits. The " sitting toilet", however, is essential for those who are movement impaired. Sitting toilets are often referred to as "western-style toilets". [5] Sitting toilets are more convenient than squat toilets for people with disabilities and the elderly. Burnett, John (1986). A Social History of Housing, 1815–1985. Illustrated by Christopher Powell (2nd.ed.). London: Methuen. pp.336, 337. ISBN 0416367704. In Roman civilization, latrines using flowing water were sometimes part of public bath houses. Roman latrines, like the ones pictured here, are commonly thought to have been used in the sitting position. The Roman toilets were probably elevated to raise them above open sewers which were periodically "flushed" with flowing water, rather than elevated for sitting. Romans and Greeks also used chamber pots, which they brought to meals and drinking sessions. [51] Johan J. Mattelaer said, " Plinius has described how there were large receptacles in the streets of cities such as Rome and Pompeii into which chamber pots of urine were emptied. The urine was then collected by fullers." ( Fulling was a vital step in textile manufacture.) An eco-friendly toilet is a smart choice for protecting the environment and saving money on water bills. Water-efficient toilets are those that feature a dual flush. They have two buttons, or one-button split in half. The large button triggers a full flush, while the smaller button triggers a reduced flush which typically uses half the amount of water.By the Early Modern era, chamber pots were frequently made of china or copper and could include elaborate decoration. They were emptied into the gutter of the street nearest to the home.